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    Proton femtoscopy in heavy-ion collisions: From transport theory to source imaging

    Pierre Nzabahimana1,2, Pawel Danielewicz2, and Giuseppe Verde3

    Phys. Rev. C 114, 054601 – Published 2 November, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kfzk-rtnm

    Abstract

    Two-particle correlations play a pivotal role in understanding the space-time characteristics of particle emission in heavy-ion collisions (HIC). A relative emission source typically represents these characteristics and can be obtained from transport-model simulations such as the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) transport model. In this paper, we use the BUU transport model to simulate pp sources while simultaneously using HIC correlation data to infer them for the same collisions, combining the Koonin-Pratt equation with Richardson-Lucy deblurring. In comparing the sources, we can isolate and provide a simple parametrization for source tails missing from BUU sources. These tails may be attributed to secondary decays that contribute at least one member of the pair in the source. With a tail added, the BUU can reproduce 80 MeV/u Ar + Sc and Ca + Ca measurements. We investigate the angular dependence of Ca + Ca correlations to infer the angle dependence of slow emissions. Our parametrization for the tail may be employed when no deblurring for source inference is pursued.

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