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Covariant formulation of relativistic quantum molecular dynamics for a system of interacting wave packets

Yasushi Nara1, Asanosuke Jinno2, and Koichi Murase3

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Phys. Rev. C 114, 034906 – Published 8 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/jjxx-85lj

Abstract

We present a new formulation for the mean-field propagation part of relativistic quantum molecular dynamics, simulating an N-body system of interacting Gaussian wave packets via Lorentz scalar and vector potentials. Covariant equations of motion are derived based on the principle of least action with a weak form of mass-shell conditions and time-fixation constraints defined with respect to a chosen foliation. However, as is common with traditional relativistic quantum molecular dynamics, the dynamics exhibits a residual dependence on the chosen foliation, which is unavoidable because a finite number of interacting degrees of freedom is not strictly compatible with relativity. Nevertheless, we show that this dependence remains small for physically reasonable choices of the foliation in practical applications. By introducing a new approximation method to the spatial integral in the equations of motion, these covariant equations of motion can be solved with a computational cost comparable to that of conventional noncovariant quantum molecular dynamics. Furthermore, the new equations of motion accurately estimate the density-dependent potential, as demonstrated through comparison of the forces with the numerical integration. We apply them to N-body systems interacting via the Skyrme-type potentials or the relativistic mean field to simulate heavy-ion collisions. Our results show that the derived equations of motion provide a robust approximation to the dynamics of the full numerical integrations.

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Phys. Rev. C 114, 034906– Published 8 September, 2026
  • Received 6 August 2025
  • Revised 17 May 2026
  • Accepted 20 August 2026
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