Microscopic study of baryon stopping in low-energy heavy-ion collisions within the UrQMD model
Phys. Rev. C 114, 034908 – Published 11 September, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/fp85-w4l2
Abstract
In low-energy heavy-ion collisions, baryon stopping is an important process, in which protons from the initial colliding nuclei are stopped at the midrapidity region. Quantifying such stopping can reveal information on the properties of the nuclear medium, such as net-baryon density. Although experimental measurement of net-proton rapidity spectra provides constraints, the microscopic origin of such protons is not fully accessible. Transport model studies can therefore provide deeper insight into the microscopic origin of protons that are transported from initial nuclei, complementing experimental measurements. This article presents an investigation of baryon stopping in minimum-bias collisions over a wide range of beam energies, GeV ( GeV). Final-state protons are classified based on their origin by analyzing their interaction history in the UrQMD model. It is found that a significant fraction of transported protons at midrapidity originates from initial neutrons rather than initial protons, referred to as isospin-converted protons, and their contribution as a function of collision energy and centrality is quantified. Anisotropic flow coefficients of different proton categories are estimated and compared with experimental measurements. Furthermore, a comparison between the ratio and isospin conversion rate is performed. The isospin conversion rate is further compared with the parameters of the Kitazawa-Asakawa formalism, revealing a significant deviation from the chemical equilibrium assumption below GeV. Finally, the saturation of the isospin conversion rate is found to coincide with the onset of nuclear transparency, demonstrating that isospin randomization and baryon stopping are coupled phenomena in hadronic transport across the NICA/FAIR energy range.
