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    Antenna arrays for neutrino mass measurements with cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy

    A. Ashtari Esfahani1,*, S. Bhagvati2, S. Böser3, M. J. Brandsema4, N. Buzinsky5,†, R. Cabral6, C. Claessens1, L. de Viveiros2, A. El Boustani3 et al. (Project 8 Collaboration)

    A. El Boustani3, M. G. Elliott7, M. Fertl3, J. A. Formaggio5, B. T. Foust8, J. K. Gaison8, M. Gödel3, M. Grando8, P. Harmston9, J. Hartse1, K. M. Heeger10, X. Huyan8,‡, A. M. Jones8,§, B. J. P. Jones7, E. Karim11, K. Kazkaz12, P. T. Kolbeck1, B. H. LaRoque8, M. Li5, A. Lindman3, C.-Y. Liu9, E. Machado1, C. Matthé3, R. Mohiuddin13, B. Monreal13, B. Mucogllava3, R. Mueller2, A. Negi7, J. A. Nikkel10, E. Novitski1, N. S. Oblath8, M. Oueslati6, J. I. Peña5, W. Pettus6, V. S. Ranatunga13, R. Reimann3, R. G. H. Robertson1, D. Rosa De Jesús8, L. Saldaña10, V. Sharma11, P. L. Slocum10, F. Spanier14, J. Stachurska15, Y.-H. Sun1, P. T. Surukuchi11, J. R. Tedeschi8, A. B. Telles10,∥, F. Thomas3,¶, M. Thomas8,**, L. A. Thorne3, T. Thümmler16, L. Tvrznikova12,††, W. Van De Pontseele17, B. A. VanDevender1,8, T. E. Weiss10, T. Wendler2,‡‡, M. Wynne1, K. Young9, E. Zayas5, and A. Ziegler2,§§ (Project 8 Collaboration)

    • 1Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
    • 2Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
    • 3Institute for Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
    • 4Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
    • 5Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
    • 6Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter and Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
    • 7Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
    • 8Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
    • 9Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
    • 10Wright Laboratory and Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
    • 11Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
    • 12Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
    • 13Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
    • 14Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
    • 15Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
    • 16Institute of Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
    • 17Physics Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA

    • *Present Address: Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran.
    • †Present Address: Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
    • ‡Present Address: LeoLabs, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
    • §Present Address: Ozen Engineering, Sunnyvale, California 94085, USA.
    • ∥Contact author: arina.telles@yale.edu
    • Present Address: Telespazio, Darmstadt, Germany.
    • **Present Address: Booz Allen Hamilton, San Antonio, Texas 78226, USA.
    • ††Present Address: Waymo, Mountain View, California 94043, USA.
    • ‡‡Present Address: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
    • §§Present Address: HRL Laboratories LLC, Malibu, California 90265, USA.

    Phys. Rev. C 112, 045506 – Published 27 October, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/dc29-s4y2

    Abstract

    Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) is a technique for precision measurements of kinetic energies of charged particles, pioneered by the Project 8 experiment to measure the neutrino mass using the tritium end-point method. It was recently employed for the first time to measure the molecular tritium spectrum and place a limit on the neutrino mass using a cubic-centimeter-scale detector. Future direct neutrino mass experiments are developing the technique to overcome the systematic and statistical limitations of current detectors. This paper describes one such approach, namely the use of antenna arrays for CRES in free space. Phenomenology, detector design, simulation, and performance estimates are discussed, culminating with an example design with a projected sensitivity of mβ<0.04eV/c2. Prototype antenna array measurements are also shown for a demonstrator-scale setup as a benchmark for the simulation. By consolidating these results, this paper serves as a comprehensive reference for the development and performance of antenna arrays for CRES.

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