- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review C

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Letter
  • Open Access

First measurement of neutron birefringence in polarized Xe129 and Xe131 nuclei

H. Lu1, M. J. Barlow2, D. Basler3, P. Gutfreund4, O. Holderer5, A. Ioffe5, S. Pasini5, P. Pistel6, Z. Salhi5 et al.

K. Zhernenkov5, B. M. Goodson3, W. M. Snow1, and E. Babcock5,*

  • 1Indiana University/CEEM, 2401 Milo B. Sampson Lane, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
  • 2School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
  • 3School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
  • 4Instut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
  • 5Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85747 Garching, Germany
  • 6Forschungzentrum Jülich mbH, ZEA-1, 52425 Jülich, Germany

  • *e.babcock@fz-juelich.de
PDF

Phys. Rev. C 109, L011001 – Published 4 January, 2024Erratum Phys. Rev. C 111, 019902 (2025)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.109.L011001

Abstract

We present measurements of polarized neutron birefringence in transmission through nuclear-polarized Xe129 and Xe131 gas and determine the neutron incoherent scattering lengths bi(129Xe)=−0.186±(0.021)stat.±(0.004)syst.fm and bi(131Xe)=2.09±(0.29)stat.±(0.12)syst.fm. These results determine the essential parameter needed for interpretation of spin-dependent neutron-scattering studies on polarized xenon ensembles with possible future applications ranging from tests of time-reversal violation to mode-entangled neutron scattering experiments on nuclear-polarized systems.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Erratum

Erratum: First measurement of neutron birefringence in polarized Xe129 and Xe131 nuclei [Phys. Rev. C 109, L011001 (2024)]

H. Lu, M. J. Barlow, D. Basler, P. Gutfreund, O. Holderer, A. Ioffe, S. Pasini, P. Pistel, Z. Salhi, K. Zhernenkov, B. M. Goodson, W. M. Snow, and E. Babcock
Phys. Rev. C 111, 019902 (2025)

Article Text

References (87)

  1. L. Van Hove, Phys. Rev. 95, 249 (1954).
  2. S. W. Lovesey, Theory of Neutron Scattering from Condensed Matter (Oxford University Press, New York, 1984), Vol. 2.
  3. R. I. Schermer and M. Blume, Phys. Rev. 166, 554 (1968).
  4. T. G. Walker and W. Happer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, 629 (1997).
  5. B. Driehuys, G. D. Cates, E. Miron, K. Sauer, D. K. Walter, and W. Happer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 1668 (1996).
  6. M. S. Rosen, T. E. Chupp, K. P. Coulter, R. C. Welsh, and S. D. Swanson, Rev. Sci. Inst. 70, 1546 (1999).
  7. A. L. Zook, B. B. Adhyaru, and C. R. Bowers, J. Magn. Reson. 159, 175 (2002).
  8. M. G. Mortuza, S. Anala, G. E. Pavlovskaya, T. J. Dieken, and T. Meersmann, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 1581 (2003).
  9. I. C. Ruset, S. Ketel, and F. W. Hersman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 053002 (2006).
  10. P. Nikolaou, A. M. Coffey, L. L. Walkup, B. M. Gust, N. Whiting, H. Newton, S. Barcus, I. Muradyan, M. Dabaghyan, G. D. Moroz et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 14150 (2013).
  11. P. Nikolaou, A. M. Coffey, M. J. Barlow, M. S. Rosen, B. M. Goodson, and E. Y. Chekmenev, Anal. Chem. 86, 8206 (2014).
  12. G. Norquay, G. J. Collier, M. Rao, N. J. Stewart, and J. M. Wild, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 153201 (2018).
  13. M. Gatzke, G. D. Cates, B. Driehuys, D. Fox, W. Happer, and B. Saam, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 690 (1993).
  14. K. Sauer, R. Fitzgerald, and W. Happer, Chem. Phys. Lett. 277, 153 (1997).
  15. M. Haake, B. Goodson, D. Laws, E. Brunner, M. Cyrier, R. Havlin, and A. Pines, Chem. Phys. Lett. 292, 686 (1998).
  16. O. Katz, R. Shaham, and O. Firstenberg, PRX Quantum 3, 010305 (2022).
  17. O. Katz, R. Shaham, E. Reches, A. V. Gorshkov, and O. Firstenberg, Phys. Rev. A 105, 042606 (2022).
  18. B. M. Goodson, J. Magn. Reson. 155, 157 (2002).
  19. Y. Zheng, G. W. Miller, W. A. Tobias, and G. D. Cates, Nature (London) 537, 652 (2016).
  20. J. P. Mugler III and T. A. Altes, J. Magn. Reson. Imag. 37, 313 (2013).
  21. A. Khan, R. Harvey, J. Birchall, R. Irwin, P. Nikolaou, G. Schrank, K. Emami, A. Dummer, M. Barlow, B. Goodson et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 22126 (2021).
  22. D. A. Barskiy, A. M. Coffey, P. Nikolaou, D. M. Mikhaylov, B. M. Goodson, R. T. Branca, G. J. Lu, M. G. Shapiro, V.-V. Telkki, V. V. Zhivonitko et al., Chem. Eur. J. 23, 725 (2017).
  23. Z. Wu, W. Happer, and J. M. Daniels, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1480 (1987).
  24. Z. Wu, S. Schaefer, G. D. Cates, and W. Happer, Phys. Rev. A 37, 1161 (1988).
  25. D. Raftery, H. Long, T. Meersmann, P. J. Grandinetti, L. Reven, and A. Pines, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 584 (1991).
  26. S. Appelt, G. Wäckerle, and M. Mehring, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3921 (1994).
  27. D. Bear, R. E. Stoner, R. L. Walsworth, V. A. Kostelecky, and C. D. Lane, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5038 (2000).
  28. F. Cane, D. Bear, D. F. Phillips, M. S. Rosen, C. L. Smallwood, R. E. Stoner, R. L. Walsworth, and V. A. Kostelecky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 230801 (2004).
  29. C. Gemmel, W. Heil, S. Karpuk, K. Lenz, Y. Sobolev, K. Tullney, M. Burghoff, W. Kilian, S. Knappe-Gruneberg, W. Muller et al., Phys. Rev. D 82, 111901(R) (2010).
  30. F. Allmendinger, W. Heil, S. Karpuk, W. Kilian, A. Scharth, U. Schmidt, A. Schnabel, Y. Sobolev, and K. Tullney, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 110801 (2014).
  31. Y. V. Stadnik and V. V. Flambaum, Eur. Phys. J. C 75, 110 (2015).
  32. V. A. Kostelecky and A. J. Vargas, Phys. Rev. D 98, 036003 (2018).
  33. F. Allmendinger, I. Engin, W. Heil, S. Karpuk, H.-J. Krause, B. Niederländer, A. Offenhäusser, M. Repetto, U. Schmidt, and S. Zimmer, Phys. Rev. A 100, 022505 (2019).
  34. N. Sachdeva, I. Fan, E. Babcock, M. Burghoff, T. E. Chupp, S. Degenkolb, P. Fierlinger, S. Haude, E. Kraegeloh, W. Kilian et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 143003 (2019).
  35. M. Bulatowicz, R. Griffith, M. Larsen, J. Mirijanian, C. B. Fu, E. Smith, W. M. Snow, H. Yan, and T. G. Walker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 102001 (2013).
  36. Y.-K. Feng, D.-H. Ning, S.-B. Zhang, Z.-T. Lu, and D. Sheng, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 231803 (2022).
  37. V. Gudkov and H. M. Shimizu, Phys. Rev. C 102, 015503 (2020).
  38. V. F. Sears, Neutron Optics: An Introduction to the Theory of Neutron Optical Phenomena and Their Applications (Oxford University Press, New York, 1989).
  39. V. Baryshevsky and M. Podgoretsky, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 47, 1050 (1964).
  40. A. Abragam and M. Goldman, Nuclear Magnetism Order and Disorder (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1982).
  41. A. G. Klein and S. A. Werner, Rep. Prog. Phys. 46, 259 (1983).
  42. J. Byrne, Neutrons, Nuclei, and Matter: An Exploration of the Physics of Slow Neutrons (Institute of Physics Publishing, Philadelphia, 1994).
  43. P. Chieux and H. Dachs, Neutron Diffraction, Lecture Notes in Economic and Mathematical Systems (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978).
  44. N. F. Ramsey, Molecular Beams (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1956).
  45. N. F. Ramsey, Rev. Mod. Phys. 62, 541 (1990).
  46. A. Abragam, G. Bacchella, H. Glätti, P. Meriel, M. Pinot, and J. Piesvaux, Phys. Rev. Lett. 31, 776 (1973).
  47. M. Forte, Nuov Cim. A 18, 726 (1973).
  48. V. G. Pokazanev and G. V. Skrotskii, Phys.-Usp. 22, 943 (1979).
  49. M. I. Tsulaia, Phys. At. Nucl. 77, 1321 (2014).
  50. F. Mezei, Z. Phys. A: Hadrons Nucl. 255, 146 (1972).
  51. O. Zimmer, G. Ehlers, B. Farago, H. Humblot, W. Ketter, and R. Scherm, EPJ Direct 4, 1 (2002).
  52. E. L. Hahn, Phys. Rev. 80, 580 (1950).
  53. Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum et al., J. of Large-Scale Res. Facilities 1, A11 (2015).
  54. B. Farago and F. Mezei, Physica B+C 136, 100 (1986).
  55. R. Gähler, R. Golub, and T. Keller, Phys. B: Condens. Matter 180–181, 899 (1992).
  56. S. Pasini, O. Holderer, T. Kozielewski, D. Richter, and M. Monkenbusch, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 90, 043107 (2019).
  57. D. R. Rich, S. Fan, T. R. Gentile, D. Hussey, G. L. Jones, B. Neff, W. M. Snow, and A. K. Thompson, Phys. B: Condens. Matter 305, 203 (2001).
  58. Z. Salhi, E. Babcock, P. Pistel, and A. Ioffe, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 528, 012015 (2014).
  59. M. Molway, L. Bales-Shaffer, K. Ranta, D. Basler, M. Murphy, B. Kidd, A. Gafar, J. Porter, K. Albin, B. Goodson et al., arXiv:2105.03076.
  60. E. Babcock, Z. Salhi, T. Theisselmann, D. Starostin, J. Schmeissner, A. Feoktystov, S. Mattauch, P. Pistel, A. Radulescu, and A. Ioffe, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 711, 012008 (2016).
  61. T. R. Gentile, P. J. Nacher, B. Saam, and T. G. Walker, Rev. Mod. Phys. 89, 045004 (2017).
  62. M. G. Huber, M. Arif, W. C. Chen, T. R. Gentile, D. S. Hussey, T. C. Black, D. A. Pushin, C. B. Shahi, F. E. Wietfeldt, and L. Yang, arXiv:1409.8567v2.
  63. T. Chupp, K. Coulter, M. Kandes, M. Sharma, T. Smith, G. L. Jones, W. Chen, T. Gentile, D. Rich, B. Lauss et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 574, 500 (2007).
  64. R. A. Campbell, H. P. Wacklin, I. Sutton, R. Cubitt, and G. Fragneto, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 126, 107 (2011).
  65. K. F. Stupic, Z. I. Cleveland, G. E. Pavlovskaya, and T. Meersmann, J. Magn. Reson. 208, 58 (2011).
  66. H. Lu, O. Holderer, A. Ioffe, S. Pasini, P. Pistel, Z. Salhi, B. M. Goodson, W. M. Snow, and E. Babcock, Phys. Rev. C 108, L031001 (2023).
  67. M. G. Huber, M. Arif, W. C. Chen, T. R. Gentile, D. S. Hussey, T. C. Black, D. A. Pushin, C. B. Shahi, F. E. Wietfeldt, and L. Yang, Phys. Rev. C 90, 064004 (2014).
  68. T. Okudaira, R. Nakabe, S. Endo, H. Fujioka, V. Gudkov, I. Ide, T. Ino, M. Ishikado, W. Kambara, S. Kawamura et al., arXiv:2105.03076.
  69. A. A. M. Irfan, P. Backstone, R. Pynn, and G. Ortiz, New J. Phys. 23, 083022 (2021).
  70. A. Dantan, G. Reinaudi, A. Sinatra, F. Laloe, E. Giacobino, and M. Pinard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 123002 (2005).
  71. O. Katz, R. Shaham, and O. Firstenberg, Sci. Adv. 7, eabe9164 (2021).
  72. O. Katz, R. Shaham, E. S. Polzik, and O. Firstenberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 043602 (2020).
  73. J. Shen, S. Kuhn, D. Baxter, R. Dalgleish, F. Li, S. Lu, G. Ortiz, J. Plomp, S. Parnell, R. Pynn et al., Nat. Commun. 11, 930 (2020).
  74. S. Lu, A. A. Md. Irfan, J. Shen, S. J. Kuhn, W. M. Snow, D. V. Baxter, R. Pynn, and G. Ortiz, Phys. Rev. A 101, 042318 (2020).
  75. S. J. Kuhn, S. McKay, J. Shen, N. Geerits, R. M. Dalgliesh, E. Dees, A. A. M. Irfan, F. Li, S. Lu, V. Vangelista et al., Phys. Rev. Res. 3, 023227 (2021).
  76. A. D. Sakharov, Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz 5, 32 (1967).
  77. G. E. Mitchell, J. D. Bowman, and H. A. Weidenmüller, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, 445 (1999).
  78. G. Mitchell, J. Bowman, S. Penttila, and E. Sharapov, Phys. Rep. 354, 157 (2001).
  79. O. P. Sushkov and V. V. Flambaum, JETP Lett. 32, 352 (1980).
  80. O. P. Sushkov and V. V. Flambaum, Sov. Phys. Usp. 25, 1 (1982).
  81. V. R. Bunakov and V. Gudkov, Z. Phys. A 308, 363 (1982).
  82. V. Gudkov, Nucl. Phys. A 524, 668 (1991).
  83. P. Fadeev and V. V. Flambaum, Phys. Rev. C 100, 015504 (2019).
  84. J. D. Bowman and V. Gudkov, Phys. Rev. C 90, 065503 (2014).
  85. G. Raffelt, Phys. Rev. D 86, 015001 (2012).
  86. V. A. Dzuba, V. V. Flambaum, I. B. Samsonov, and Y. V. Stadnik, Phys. Rev. D 98, 035048 (2018).
  87. S. Mantry, M. Pitschmann, and M. J. Ramsey-Musolf, Phys. Rev. D 90, 054016 (2014).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. C 109, L011001– Published 4 January, 2024
  • Received 31 December 2022
  • Revised 27 July 2023
  • Accepted 17 November 2023
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation