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    Enhanced nuclear mass predictions using anisotropic kernel ridge regression incorporating multiple complementary observables

    Junlong Tian1,2,*, Pengfei Ma1, Xinhui Wu3,†, Minghui Hu1, Cheng Li1,2,‡, and Ning Wang1,2,§

    • 1Department of Physics, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
    • 2Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
    • 3Department of Physics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China

    • *Contact author: tianjl@gxnu.edu.cn
    • †Contact author: wuxinhui@fzu.edu.cn
    • ‡Contact author: licheng@gxnu.edu.cn
    • §Contact author: wangning@gxnu.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. C 112, 064306 – Published 2 December, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9mgr-6mq7

    Abstract

    We introduce a novel correlation formula, termed the CMO (correlation of mass and observables) formula, which links nuclear masses to 12 distinct categories of experimental observables beyond mass data itself. These observables comprise four separation energies (Sn, Sp, S2n, S2p), five reaction energies (Qβ−n, Qεp, Qdα, Qpα, Qnα), and three decay energies (Qα, Qβ, Q2β). By integrating the CMO formula into an anisotropic kernel ridge regression (AKRR) algorithm, we predict the masses of 95 nuclei that are currently unmeasured across the nuclide chart. The predictive capability of this combined AKRR+CMO framework was benchmarked against 121 nuclides whose masses are known in AME2020 but were listed as predicted values (marked #) in AME2003. This validation achieved a significant reduction in the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) from 305 keV (using the WS4 model) to 106 keV. Our approach uses constraints from multiple complementary observables to improve prediction reliability. By moving beyond exclusive reliance on known masses, the AKRR+CMO framework demonstrates improved extrapolation capability into structurally unexplored regions of the nuclear landscape.

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