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    Local quantum cooling for large Fermi systems with pairing

    J. E. Alba-Arroyo1,*, Daniel Pęcak2,†, Michael McNeil Forbes3,4,‡, and Gabriel Wlazłowski1,4,§

    • *Contact author: jose.arroyo@pw.edu.pl
    • †Contact author: daniel.pecak@ifpan.edu.pl
    • ‡Contact author: m.forbes@wsu.edu
    • §Contact author: gabriel.wlazlowski@pw.edu.pl

    Phys. Rev. C 113, 065805 – Published 16 June, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/723d-pspf

    Abstract

    We present a framework for local quantum cooling that can be efficiently applied to large-scale Fermi systems. The method introduces local Hermitian operators as a cooling potential while strictly preserving the unitarity of time evolution. Our formulation scales favorably with system size and can be seamlessly integrated into time-dependent density-functional theory frameworks. We demonstrate that energy cooling arises from the damping of particle currents and pairing-field fluctuations. Furthermore, we develop a variant of the scheme that allows the particle number to vary in time, enabling controlled density scans. The method is generic and versatile, as illustrated by applications to spin-imbalanced unitary Fermi gases and to nuclear matter in the neutron-star crust. The framework can be naturally extended to include stochastic noise, providing a foundation for studying thermalization in strongly interacting Fermi superfluids.

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