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    Charm quark evolution in the early stages of heavy-ion collisions

    Mayank Singh1,*, Manu Kurian2,†, Björn Schenke3,‡, Sangyong Jeon4,§, and Charles Gale4,∥

    • *Contact author: mayank.singh@vanderbilt.edu
    • †Contact author: manukurian@iitism.ac.in
    • ‡Contact author: bschenke@bnl.gov
    • §Contact author: sangyong.jeon@mcgill.ca
    • ∥Contact author: charles.gale@mcgill.ca

    Phys. Rev. C 113, 024904 – Published 12 February, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/7125-lhbl

    Abstract

    Heavy quarks are predominantly generated at the initial stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions such that heavy flavor observables have the potential to provide information on the pre-equilibrium medium dynamics. In this study, we investigate the sensitivity of D-meson RAA and v2 to early-time charm quark dynamics in Pb+Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV. We employ the IP-Glasma+MUSIC+UrQMD framework to model the evolution of the bulk medium. Charm quarks are generated using PYTHIA with nuclear parton distribution functions and evolved using Langevin dynamics within MARTINI. We observe that even though there is significant momentum broadening in the earliest stage, D-meson RAA and v2 are only weakly sensitive to pre-equilibrium interactions.

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