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  • Letter
  • Open Access

Toward a foundation model for heavy-ion collision experiments based on point-cloud diffusion

Manjunath Omana Kuttan1,2,*, Kai Zhou1,3,†, Jan Steinheimer1,4, and Horst Stoecker1,4,5

  • *Contact author: manjunath@fias.uni-frankfurt.de
  • †Contact author: zhoukai@cuhk.edu.cn
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Phys. Rev. C 112, L051902 – Published 24 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6ndd-d1nl

Abstract

A novel point-cloud diffusion model for relativistic heavy-ion collisions, capable of ultrafast generation of complete, event-by-event collision output, is introduced. When trained on ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics cascade simulations, the model generates realistic collision event output containing 26 distinct hadron species, as a list of particle momentum vectors along with their particle ID. From solving inverse problems to accelerating model calculations or detector simulations, the model can be a promising general-purpose tool for heavy-ion collisions beneficial to both theoretical studies and experimental applications.

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Ultrafast, event-by-event heavy-ion simulations for next-generation experiments

Manjunath Omana Kuttan, Kai Zhou, Jan Steinheimer, and Horst Stoecker
Phys. Rev. C 112, 054907 (2025)

Article Text

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Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. C 112, L051902– Published 24 November, 2025
  • Received 26 February 2025
  • Revised 17 October 2025
  • Accepted 22 October 2025
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