Perspective
Open Access

Nuclear cold QCD: Review and future strategy

F. Arleo ¹, P. Caucal ¹, A. Deshpande^2,3, J. M. Durham⁴, G. M. Innocenti⁵, J. Jalilian-Marian ^6,7, A. Kusina ⁸, M. X. Liu ⁴, Y. Mehtar-Tani³ et al.

C.-J. Naïm ^2,*, H. Paukkunen ^9,10, S. Platchkov ¹¹, F. Salazar ^3,12,13, I. Vitev ¹⁴, and R. Vogt ^15,16

¹Subatech, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, IN2P3/CNRS, Nantes, France
²Center for Frontiers in Nuclear Science (CFNS), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
³Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
⁴Los Alamos National Laboratory, Physics Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
⁵Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
⁶Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, CUNY, New York, New York 10010, USA
⁷The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York 10016, USA
⁸Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow PL-31342, Poland
⁹Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
¹⁰Helsinki Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
¹¹IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
¹²Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
¹³RIKEN-BNL Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
¹⁴Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
¹⁵Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
¹⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA

^*Contact author: charlesjoseph.naim@stonybrook.edu

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Phys. Rev. C 113, 040501 – Published 3 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4jd1-tgh5

Abstract

This review examines data from hadron-nucleus collisions, primarily focusing on hard processes like Drell-Yan, heavy flavor, and quarkonium production. It highlights observed modifications of particle yields as functions of momentum and rapidity, aiming to clarify the underlying QCD effects on cold nuclear matter. It outlines strategies for future experiments, including the Electron-Ion Collider, to distinguish between these effects. Key questions address the universality of suppression mechanisms and the role of nonperturbative physics, providing a road map for upcoming measurements of hadrons on nuclei.

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Article Text

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Phys. Rev. C 113, 040501– Published 3 April, 2026

Vol. 113, Iss. 4 — April 2026

Received 18 July 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4jd1-tgh5

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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Nuclear cold QCD: Review and future strategy

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