- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review C

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Spin polarization of Λ hyperons from dissipative spin hydrodynamics

Sapna1,*, Sushant K. Singh2,3,†, and David Wagner2,4,‡,§

  • *Contact author: sapna.snpth@gmail.com
  • †Contact author: sushant7557@gmail.com
  • ‡Contact author: david.wagner@unifi.it
  • §Contact author: dwagner@itp.uni-frankfurt.de
PDF

Phys. Rev. C 112, 054902 – Published 10 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/1s6g-fs8w

Abstract

We present a framework for spin dynamics in the quark-gluon plasma created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Under the approximation of small polarization, macroscopic spin degrees of freedom decouple from the background, and their evolution equations and transport coefficients have been computed using quantum kinetic theory of massive particles with nonlocal collisions. Employing this theory, we numerically solve dissipative relativistic spin hydrodynamics. We explore three interaction scenarios between constituent particles and apply this framework to compute both global and local spin polarization of Λ hyperons in Au+Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV. Our results show that the initially vanishing spin potential relaxes toward thermal vorticity, driving global polarization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the sign of longitudinal polarization is sensitive to the interaction type, emphasizing the need for a consistent treatment of dissipative effects in spin hydrodynamics to describe experimental data.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (100)

  1. L. Adamczyk et al. (STAR Collaboration), Nature (London) 548, 62 (2017).
  2. J. Adam et al., Phys. Rev. C 98, 014910 (2018).
  3. J. Adam et al. (STAR Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 132301 (2019).
  4. S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Phys. Rev. C 101, 044611 (2020); ALICE Collaboration), 105, 029902(E) (2022).
  5. M. S. Abdallah et al. (STAR Collaboration), Phys. Rev. C 104, L061901 (2021).
  6. J. Adam et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 162301 (2021).
  7. S. Acharya et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 172005 (2022).
  8. M. I. Abdulhamid et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 202301 (2023).
  9. Z.-T. Liang and X.-N. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 102301 (2005).
  10. S. J. Barnett, Rev. Mod. Phys. 7, 129 (1935).
  11. F. Becattini, G. Inghirami, V. Rolando, A. Beraudo, L. Del Zanna, A. De Pace, M. Nardi, G. Pagliara, and V. Chandra, Eur. Phys. J. C 75, 406 (2015); 78, 354(E) (2018).
  12. I. Karpenko and F. Becattini, Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 213 (2017).
  13. F. Becattini, M. Buzzegoli, and A. Palermo, Phys. Lett. B 820, 136519 (2021).
  14. F. Becattini, M. Buzzegoli, G. Inghirami, I. Karpenko, and A. Palermo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 272302 (2021).
  15. B. Fu, S. Y. F. Liu, L. Pang, H. Song, and Y. Yin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 142301 (2021).
  16. S. Y. F. Liu and Y. Yin, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2021) 188.
  17. A. Palermo, E. Grossi, I. Karpenko, and F. Becattini, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 920 (2024).
  18. Y. Hidaka, S. Pu, and D.-L. Yang, Phys. Rev. D 97, 016004 (2018).
  19. C. Yi, S. Pu, and D.-L. Yang, Phys. Rev. C 104, 064901 (2021).
  20. J. I. Kapusta, E. Rrapaj, and S. Rudaz, Phys. Rev. C 101, 024907 (2020).
  21. A. Ayala, D. de la Cruz, L. A. Hernández, and J. Salinas, Phys. Rev. D 102, 056019 (2020).
  22. J. I. Kapusta, E. Rrapaj, and S. Rudaz, Phys. Rev. C 102, 064911 (2020).
  23. Y. Hidaka, M. Hongo, M. A. Stephanov, and H.-U. Yee, Phys. Rev. C 109, 054909 (2024).
  24. A. Ayala, D. de la Cruz, S. Hernández-Ortíz, L. Hernández, and J. Salinas, Phys. Lett. B 801, 135169 (2020).
  25. M. Hongo, X.-G. Huang, M. Kaminski, M. Stephanov, and H.-U. Yee, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2022) 263.
  26. D. Wagner, M. Shokri, and D. H. Rischke, Phys. Rev. Res. 6, 043103 (2024).
  27. K. Fukushima and S. Pu, Phys. Lett. B 817, 136346 (2021).
  28. W. Florkowski, B. Friman, A. Jaiswal, and E. Speranza, Phys. Rev. C 97, 041901(R) (2018).
  29. W. Florkowski, A. Kumar, and R. Ryblewski, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 108, 103709 (2019).
  30. S. Bhadury, W. Florkowski, A. Jaiswal, A. Kumar, and R. Ryblewski, Phys. Lett. B 814, 136096 (2021).
  31. S. Bhadury, W. Florkowski, A. Jaiswal, A. Kumar, and R. Ryblewski, Phys. Rev. D 103, 014030 (2021).
  32. Z. Cao, K. Hattori, M. Hongo, X.-G. Huang, and H. Taya, PTEP 2022, 071D01 (2022).
  33. N. Weickgenannt and J.-P. Blaizot, Phys. Rev. D 109, 056012 (2024).
  34. N. Weickgenannt and J.-P. Blaizot, Phys. Rev. D 111, 056006 (2025).
  35. S. Li, M. A. Stephanov, and H.-U. Yee, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 082302 (2021).
  36. H.-H. Peng, J.-J. Zhang, X.-L. Sheng, and Q. Wang, Chin. Phys. Lett. 38, 116701 (2021).
  37. K. Hattori, M. Hongo, X.-G. Huang, M. Matsuo, and H. Taya, Phys. Lett. B 795, 100 (2019).
  38. A. Kumar, Acta Phys. Pol. B Proc. Suppl. 12, 393 (2019).
  39. A. Daher, A. Das, W. Florkowski, and R. Ryblewski, Phys. Rev. C 108, 024902 (2023).
  40. S. Shi, C. Gale, and S. Jeon, Phys. Rev. C 103, 044906 (2021).
  41. S. Bhadury, W. Florkowski, A. Jaiswal, A. Kumar, and R. Ryblewski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 192301 (2022).
  42. A. D. Gallegos, U. Gürsoy, and A. Yarom, SciPost Phys. 11, 041 (2021).
  43. D. She, Y.-W. Qiu, and D. Hou, Phys. Rev. D 111, 036027 (2025).
  44. D. Montenegro, L. Tinti, and G. Torrieri, Phys. Rev. D 96, 056012 (2017); 96, 079901(E) (2017).
  45. R. Biswas, A. Daher, A. Das, W. Florkowski, and R. Ryblewski, Phys. Rev. D 108, 014024 (2023).
  46. Z. Drogosz, W. Florkowski, and M. Hontarenko, Phys. Rev. D 110, 096018 (2024).
  47. A. Tiwari and B. K. Patra, Phys. Rev. D 112, 036014 (2025).
  48. M. Kiamari, N. Sadooghi, and M. Sedighi Jafari, Phys. Rev. D 109, 036024 (2024).
  49. R. Singh, M. Shokri, and S. M. A. T. Mehr, Nucl. Phys. A 1035, 122656 (2023).
  50. A. Kumar, PoS (Confinement2018) 336, 281 (2018).
  51. N. Weickgenannt, D. Wagner, E. Speranza, and D. H. Rischke, Phys. Rev. D 106, L091901 (2022).
  52. M. Garbiso and M. Kaminski, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2020) 112.
  53. N. Weickgenannt, D. Wagner, E. Speranza, and D. H. Rischke, Phys. Rev. D 106, 096014 (2022).
  54. D. She, A. Huang, D. Hou, and J. Liao, Sci. Bull. 67, 2265 (2022).
  55. D. Wagner, Phys. Rev. D 111, 016008 (2025).
  56. A. Chiarini, J. Sammet, and M. Shokri, arXiv:2412.19854.
  57. W. Florkowski, A. Kumar, R. Ryblewski, and R. Singh, Phys. Rev. C 99, 044910 (2019).
  58. W. Florkowski, R. Ryblewski, R. Singh, and G. Sophys, Phys. Rev. D 105, 054007 (2022).
  59. S. K. Singh, R. Ryblewski, and W. Florkowski, Phys. Rev. C 111, 024907 (2025).
  60. N. Weickgenannt, E. Speranza, X.-l. Sheng, Q. Wang, and D. H. Rischke, Phys. Rev. D 104, 016022 (2021).
  61. D. Wagner, N. Weickgenannt, and D. H. Rischke, Phys. Rev. D 106, 116021 (2022).
  62. D. Wagner, A. Palermo, and V. E. Ambruş, Phys. Rev. D 106, 016013 (2022).
  63. S. K. Singh and J. Alam, Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 585 (2023).
  64. S. K. Singh and J.-e. Alam, Phys. Rev. D 107, 074042 (2023).
  65. D. H. Rischke, S. Bernard, and J. A. Maruhn, Nucl. Phys. A 595, 346 (1995).
  66. I. Karpenko, P. Huovinen, and M. Bleicher, Comput. Phys. Commun. 185, 3016 (2014).
  67. I. Karpenko, vHLLE: a 3D viscous hydrodynamic code. Available at, https://github.com/yukarpenko/vhlle/tree/stable_ebe.
  68. OpenMP Architecture Review Board, available at, https://www.openmp.org/
  69. A. Monnai, B. Schenke, and C. Shen, Phys. Rev. C 100, 024907 (2019).
  70. A. Bazavov et al. (HotQCD Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 90, 094503 (2014).
  71. A. Bazavov et al. (HotQCD Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 86, 034509 (2012).
  72. H. T. Ding, S. Mukherjee, H. Ohno, P. Petreczky, and H. P. Schadler, Phys. Rev. D 92, 074043 (2015).
  73. A. Bazavov, H.-T. Ding, P. Hegde, O. Kaczmarek, F. Karsch, E. Laermann, Y. Maezawa, Swagato Mukherjee, H. Ohno, P. Petreczky, H. Sandmeyer, P. Steinbrecher, C. Schmidt, S. Sharma, W. Soeldner, and M. Wagner, Phys. Rev. D 95, 054504 (2017).
  74. A. Monnai, B. Schenke, and C. Shen, QCD NEOS: QCD equation of state, available at, https://sites.google.com/view/qcdneos/.
  75. Y. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio, Phys. Rev. 122, 345 (1961).
  76. J.-F. Paquet, MUSIC Manual: Simulating heavy ion collisions with MUSIC, available at, https://webhome.phy.duke.edu/∼jp401/music_manual/.
  77. D. Molnar and Z. Wolff, Phys. Rev. C 95, 024903 (2017).
  78. D. Molnar, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 38, 124173 (2011).
  79. S. Bhadury, A. Das, W. Florkowski, K. K. Gowthama, and R. Ryblewski, Phys. Lett. B 849, 138464 (2024).
  80. Sapna, S. K. Singh, and D. Wagner, arXiv:2503.22552.
  81. W. A. Hiscock and L. Lindblom, Phys. Rev. D 31, 725 (1985).
  82. G. S. Denicol, H. Niemi, E. Molnar, and D. H. Rischke, Phys. Rev. D 85, 114047 (2012); 91, 039902(E) (2015).
  83. G. S. Denicol, S. Jeon, and C. Gale, Phys. Rev. C 90, 024912 (2014).
  84. G. S. Denicol, C. Gale, S. Jeon, A. Monnai, B. Schenke, and C. Shen, Phys. Rev. C 98, 034916 (2018).
  85. E. Molnár, H. Niemi, G. S. Denicol, and D. H. Rischke, Phys. Rev. D 89, 074010 (2014).
  86. C. Shen and S. Alzhrani, Phys. Rev. C 102, 014909 (2020).
  87. S. Ryu, V. Jupic, and C. Shen, Phys. Rev. C 104, 054908 (2021).
  88. P. Huovinen and H. Petersen, Eur. Phys. J. A 48, 171 (2012).
  89. I. A. Karpenko, P. Huovinen, H. Petersen, and M. Bleicher, Phys. Rev. C 91, 064901 (2015).
  90. A. Schäfer, I. Karpenko, X.-Y. Wu, J. Hammelmann, and H. Elfner, Eur. Phys. J. A 58, 230 (2022).
  91. I. Karpenko et al., SMASH Hadron Sampler, available at, https://github.com/smash-transport/smash-hadron-sampler.
  92. J. Weil, V. Steinberg, J. Staudenmaier, L. G. Pang, D. Oliinychenko, J. Mohs, M. Kretz, T. Kehrenberg, A. Goldschmidt, B. Bäuchle, J. Auvinen, M. Attems, and H. Petersen, Phys. Rev. C 94, 054905 (2016).
  93. A. Wergieluk et al., Smash-transport/smash: Smash-3.1 Zenodo (2024), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10707746.
  94. J. Adams et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 172302 (2003).
  95. I. G. Bearden et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 202301 (2002).
  96. J. Adams et al., Phys. Rev. C 72, 014904 (2005).
  97. W. R. Inc., Mathematica, version 14.1, Champaign, IL (2024), https://www.wolfram.com/mathematica.
  98. R. Mertig, M. Böhm, and A. Denner, Comput. Phys. Commun. 64, 345 (1991).
  99. V. Shtabovenko, R. Mertig, and F. Orellana, Comput. Phys. Commun. 207, 432 (2016).
  100. V. Shtabovenko, R. Mertig, and F. Orellana, Comput. Phys. Commun. 256, 107478 (2020).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. C 112, 054902– Published 10 November, 2025
  • Received 7 April 2025
  • Revised 22 August 2025
  • Accepted 30 September 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation