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    Phenomenological extraction of the nucleon charge and magnetic radii based on their Dirac and Pauli flavor-separated form factors: Correlation-aware analysis with two-photon-exchange corrections

    M. A. Albloushi and I. A. Qattan*

    • Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    • *Contact author: issam.qattan@ku.ac.ae

    Phys. Rev. C 113, 035204 – Published 18 March, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/1nsq-sllx

    Abstract

    In this work, we present new phenomenological extractions of the nucleon charge and magnetic radii based on its Dirac and Pauli flavor-separated F(1,2)(u,d)(Q2) form factors, over the extended range 0.0155 <Q2< 1.00 GeV2. Building upon the framework introduced by M. A. Albloushi et al. [Phys. Rev. C 109, 065201 (2024)] for the charge sector, the present study extends the analysis to include the magnetic radii, expands the fit procedure to ten overlapping Q2 ranges, and employs a correlation-aware Generalized Least Squares (GLS) framework to quantify inter-range correlations. Both two-photon-exchange (TPE) corrected and uncorrected datasets are analyzed, and the impact of including or neglecting TPE corrections on the extracted radii is systematically investigated. In the TPE-corrected GLS analysis we obtain 〈rp〉E=0.8478±0.0015(stat.)±0.0034(sys.) fm, 〈rn2〉E=−0.0885±0.0018(stat.)±0.0019(sys.) fm2, 〈rp〉M=0.8468±0.0008(stat.)±0.0139(sys.) fm, and 〈rn〉M=0.8935±0.0011(stat.)±0.0300(sys.) fm. The proton charge radius agrees with the ultrahigh precise muonic hydrogen (μH) Lamb shift and PRad-I results and is smaller than the Mainz A1 extraction, while the neutron charge radius is below in magnitude the value obtained by the recent precise measurements of the neutron GEn(Q2) form factor at low Q2 utilizing the connection between the N→Δ quadrupole transitions and GEn(Q2). The magnetic radii are compatible with global dispersion, lattice-QCD constrained, and TPE-aware analyses, with 〈rp〉M and 〈rn〉M differing by ≈ 5%, in accord with SU(6) spin-flavor symmetry expectations. These findings demonstrate that implementing TPE corrections within a correlation-aware GLS framework yields a statistically robust, phenomenological description of the nucleon's electromagnetic structure.

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