We present a comprehensive first-principles investigation of defects in 4Hb-TaS2. In this layered transition metal dichalcogenide, charge transfer between alternating Mott-insulating 1T and metallic 1H layers gives rise to exotic quantum phases such as the Kondo effect and topological superconductivity. Motivated by recent defect manipulation in 4Hb-TaS2 via STM, we address their microscopic nature and impact on interlayer charge transfer. To this end, we systematically analyze over 90 defects using large-scale density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our analysis identifies 1H sulfur vacancies, Ta-on-S antisites, and Ta interstitials as the most likely origins of the commonly observed defects, with Ta-on-S antisites producing the strongest charge-transfer modulation. Our extensive dataset, compiled from STM simulations, defect formation energies, work functions, and charge transfer, establishes a foundational resource for future theoretical and experimental studies on defect engineering in 4Hb-TaS2.