• Accepted Paper

Tackling the sign problem in the doped Hubbard model with normalizing flows

Dominic Schuh, Lena Funcke, Janik Kreit, Thomas Luu, and Simran Singh

Phys. Rev. B - Accepted 1 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/93pv-5hlm

Abstract

The Hubbard model at finite chemical potential is a cornerstone for understanding doped correlated systems, but simulations are severely limited by the sign problem. In the auxiliary-field formulation, the spin basis mitigates the sign problem, yet severe ergodicity issues have limited its use. We extend recent advances with normalizing flows at half-filling to finite chemical potential by introducing an annealing scheme enabling ergodic sampling. Compared to state-of-the-art hybrid Monte Carlo in the charge basis, our approach accurately reproduces exact diagonalization results while reducing statistical uncertainties by an order of magnitude, opening a new path for simulations of doped correlated systems.

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