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    Evaluation of the real-space second Chern number using the kernel polynomial method

    Rui Chen1,* and Bin Zhou1,2,3,†

    • 1Department of Physics, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
    • 2Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing System and Security of Ministry of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
    • 3Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China

    • *Contact author: chenr@hubu.edu.cn
    • †Contact author: binzhou@hubu.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. B 112, 165304 – Published 10 October, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/yksf-1l8m

    Abstract

    We evaluate the real-space second Chern number of four-dimensional Chern insulators using the kernel polynomial method. Our calculations are performed on a four-dimensional system with 304 sites, and the numerical results agree well with theoretical expectations. Moreover, we show that the method is capable of capturing the disorder effects. This is evidenced by the phase diagram obtained for disordered systems, which agrees well with predictions from the self-consistent Born approximation. Furthermore, we extend the method to six dimensions and perform an exploratory real-space calculation of the third Chern number. Although finite-size effects prevent full quantization, the numerical results show qualitative agreement with theoretical expectations. The study represents a step forward in the real-space characterization of higher-dimensional topological phases.

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