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  • Open Access

Temporal modulation of second harmonic generation in ferroelectrics by a pulsed electric field

Atsushi Ono

  • Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan

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Phys. Rev. B 112, 115146 – Published 25 September, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xsrf-t1hj

Abstract

We revisit the relationship between electric polarization modulation ΔP in ferroelectrics induced by a low-frequency pulsed electric field and the corresponding second harmonic intensity modulation ΔISH. Using nonlinear response theory, we derive their time-domain expressions linear in the pulse amplitude, revealing that not only the electric field but also its time derivative contributes to ΔISH. Furthermore, even when the time-derivative component is negligible, ΔISH can be in antiphase with the pulsed field and thus with ΔP. These theoretical predictions are further supported by real-time simulations of a model for electronic ferroelectrics. Our results demonstrate that the commonly assumed relation ΔP∝ΔISH can break down under certain conditions, reflecting the complex-valued and frequency-dependent nature of nonlinear dynamical susceptibilities.

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Phys. Rev. B 112, 115146– Published 25 September, 2025
  • Received 24 June 2025
  • Revised 15 August 2025
  • Accepted 9 September 2025
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