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    Topologically robust flat-band zero-index terahertz metasurfaces with polarization-vortex-protected bound states in the continuum

    Guangcheng Sun (孙广成)

    Yongming Zhang (张永明), Bo Gao (高博), and Jiayong Han (韩佳勇)

    Yue Wang (王玥)*, Wenshuo Chen (陈文烁), Gengyu Bai (白耕瑜), and Rui Wu (吴睿)

    Yaohe Li (李曜合)

    Zijian Cui (崔子健) and Xiaoguang Zhao (赵晓光)

    • Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Liquid Crystal Polymer Intelligent Display, Technological Institute of Materials & Energy Science (TIMES), School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China and Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Photoelectric and Terahertz Science in Shaanxi, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China

    • Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Liquid Crystal Polymer Intelligent Display, Technological Institute of Materials & Energy Science (TIMES), School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China

    • Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Photoelectric and Terahertz Science in Shaanxi, Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China

    • *Contact author: wangyue2017@xaut.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. B 114, 165414 – Published 17 September, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/vlnk-jmwb

    Abstract

    Zero-index metamaterials, distinguished by a near-zero effective refractive index, enable extraordinary wave-manipulation capabilities unattainable in conventional media. However, their practical implementation is fundamentally hindered by intrinsic radiative losses, as Dirac-cone modes residing within the light cone inevitably couple to free-space radiation, resulting in severe out-of-plane leakage and propagation attenuation. Here, we theoretically investigate and numerically demonstrate a terahertz metasurface that overcomes this bottleneck by embedding flat-band zero-index modes within topologically protected bound states in the continuum. Through meticulous engineering of the photonic band structure, we tailor an accidental triple degeneracy at the Γ point, forming a Dirac cone intersected by a flat band. The resulting modes simultaneously exhibit an effective zero refractive index, strongly suppressed out-of-plane radiation, divergent photonic density of states, and a polarization vortex singularity with topological charge dictated by the momentum-space topological invariant. We further verify that the topological polarization vortex and the near-zero-index response remain robust under continuous symmetry-preserving structural perturbations, and we assess practical integration feasibility through a substrate-supported configuration. Our findings establish a direct connection among zero-index photonics, topological optics, and flat-band physics, opening up perspectives for achieving low-loss extreme-parameter terahertz photonic platforms.

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