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    Out-of-plane ferroelectricity, magnetoelectric coupling, and persistent spin texture in two-dimensional multiferroics

    Ying Zhou*, Cheng-Ao Ji*, Shuai Dong, and Xue-Zeng Lu†

    • Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China

    • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
    • †Contact author: xuezenglu@seu.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. B 112, 054412 – Published 5 August, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/rcg6-3gxl

    Abstract

    Two-dimensional multiferroics with out-of-plane ferroelectricity hold significant promise for miniaturized magnetoelectric spin-orbit transistors, yet systems combining robust ferroelectricity and strong magnetoelectric coupling are exceedingly rare. Here, we demonstrate that epitaxial strain stabilizes out-of-plane ferroelectricity in exfoliated two-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper derivatives. The hybrid improper ferroelectric Pc phase transitions to a competing P21 phase with purely in-plane polarization upon switching, accompanied by a 90∘ rotation of weak ferromagnetism. Crucially, the Pc phase exhibits altermagnetism, while P21 displays full-Brillouin-zone band splitting, with persistent spin textures rotating 90∘ at the phase boundary. This work establishes a pathway to engineer two-dimensional multiferroics that integrate vertical polarization, magnetoelectric coupling, and switchable spin textures—key features for next-generation spintronic devices.

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