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    Symmetry breaking in replica statistics of time-varying photonic systems

    Zhihao Chen1, Qiang Liu1, Wei Wu1, Wei Cai1,*, Mengxin Ren1,2,3,†, and Jingjun Xu1,‡

    • 1The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
    • 2Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
    • 3Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China

    • *Contact author: weicai@nankai.edu.cn
    • †Contact author: ren_mengxin@nankai.edu.cn
    • ‡Contact author: jjxu@nankai.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. B 113, 184208 – Published 11 May, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/qkl6-1xcz

    Abstract

    Disordered nonlinear systems have long been central to studies of complex dynamical behavior, yet most studies focus on spatial randomness. In contrast, when disorder fluctuates temporally, it drives the system far from equilibrium, giving rise to fundamentally different dynamical behaviors. Here, we investigate a nonlinear dispersive system subject to correlated temporal disorder, revealing how the interplay between dispersion and temporal disorder reshapes its dynamical phases. By analyzing correlation dynamics and replica-overlap statistics, we identify a transition from ergodic to nonergodic clustering, marked by distinct correlation patterns and symmetry breaking in replica statistics. These results clarify the statistical mechanics underlying temporally disordered nonlinear waves and provide insight into nonequilibrium phase organization in time-varying photonic systems.

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