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Extended Bose-Hubbard model on small grids: Exact diagonalization and Monte Carlo studies

Gabriele Costa1,2,*, Matteo Ciardi3,†, Fabio Cinti4,5,‡, and Santi Prestipino1,2,§

  • *Contact author: gabriele.costa@studenti.unime.it
  • †Contact author: matteo.ciardi@tuwien.ac.at
  • ‡Contact author: fabio.cinti@unifi.it
  • §Contact author: sprestipino@unime.it
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Phys. Rev. B 114, 034509 – Published 22 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/pflq-yyy5

Abstract

The superfluid-insulator transition in systems of lattice bosons is usually analyzed in the framework of the Bose-Hubbard model, and has been extensively studied by theory and simulations. Less attention has been paid to the remnants of the transition in truncated lattices, with or without periodic boundary conditions. Here we consider the hard-core limit of the extended Bose-Hubbard model on small square and triangular grids—i.e., sections of the square and triangular lattices containing up to 13 sites. By mapping out the zero-temperature phase diagram through exact diagonalization, we find ground-state characteristics that are markedly different from those emerging in the thermodynamic limit, together with similarities. The dichotomy between superfluidlike and insulatinglike behavior is then investigated in two-dimensional systems of a few interacting bosons in the continuum, subject to confining and optical-lattice potentials mimicking the 3×3 square grid. Using path-integral Monte Carlo simulations, we compute kinetic and potential energies, as well as superfluidity and exchange-cycle statistics, finding hints of Bose-Hubbard behavior even in systems of just five particles.

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Phys. Rev. B 114, 034509– Published 22 July, 2026
  • Received 10 April 2026
  • Revised 8 June 2026
  • Accepted 8 July 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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