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    Quantum complexity and localization in random and time-periodic unitary circuits

    Himanshu Sahu1,2,3,*, Aranya Bhattacharya4,5,†, and Pingal Pratyush Nath6,‡

    • *Contact author: hsahu@perimeterinstitute.ca
    • †Contact author: aranya.bhattacharya@bristol.ac.uk
    • ‡Contact author: pingalnath@iisc.ac.in

    Phys. Rev. B 113, 214312 – Published 12 June, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/mf2z-mrpd

    Abstract

    We study the growth and saturation of complexity in Krylov basis in random quantum circuits. In Haar-random unitary evolution, we show that, for large system sizes, this notion of complexity grows linearly before saturating at a late-time value of d/2, where d is the Hilbert space dimension, at timescales ∼d. Our numerical analysis encompasses two classes of random circuits: brick-wall random unitary circuits and Floquet random circuits. In brick-wall case, complexity in the Krylov basis exhibits dynamics consistent with Haar-random unitary evolution, while the inclusion of measurements significantly slows its growth down. For Floquet random circuits, we show that localized phases lead to reduced late-time saturation values of the complexity enabling us to probe the transition between thermal and many-body localized phases.

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