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    Observation of Floquet topological corner and hinge states via higher-order topolectrical space-time circuits

    Long Qian, Weixuan Zhang*, Wenhui Cao, Fengxiao Di, Xiaoqi Zhou, and Xiangdong Zhang†

    • Key Laboratory of advanced optoelectronic quantum architecture and measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China and Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

    • *Contact author: zhangwx@bit.edu.cn
    • †Contact author: zhangxd@bit.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. B 113, 165407 – Published 6 April, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/jtq8-5x57

    Abstract

    Floquet higher-order topological insulators (HOTIs), hosting robust corner-/hinge-localized states under periodic driving, represent a pivotal frontier in nonequilibrium topological physics. Although theoretical studies suggest that nonsymmorphic space-time symmetries could stabilize exotic Floquet HOTIs, experimental realization—particularly in three dimensions—has remained elusive due to the fundamental challenge of dynamically coordinating spatial and temporal coupling modulations. Here we report an experimental demonstration of both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Floquet second-order topological states using spatiotemporal topolectrical circuits. Overcoming the inherent difficulties of precise spatiotemporal control in active circuits, we implement space-time-engineered modulations via voltage-controlled time-varying impedance converters with current inversion. This enables the engineering of nonsymmorphic space-time symmetry in circuit networks and the direct observation of topological corner/hinge dynamics within Floquet quasienergy gaps. Our methodology fundamentally surpasses the conventional paradigm in photonic and acoustic systems—where spatial-axis modulation mimics pseudotemporal drives—by achieving full, dynamically coordinated spatiotemporal governance of coupling trajectories, thereby enabling the experimental synthesis of high-dimensional higher-order Floquet topological matter.

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