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    Condensation completion and defects in 2+1D topological orders

    Gen Yue*, Longye Wang†, and Tian Lan‡

    • *Contact author: gyue@link.cuhk.edu.hk
    • †Contact author: wanglongye@link.cuhk.edu.hk
    • ‡Contact author: tlan@cuhk.edu.hk

    Phys. Rev. B 112, 104106 – Published 23 September, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/fgnx-t5bj

    Abstract

    We review the condensation completion of a modular tensor category C, which yields a fusion 2-category ΣC of separable algebras, bimodules over algebras, and bimodule maps in C. Physically, ΣC is the fusion 2-category of codimension-1 defects, codimension-2 defects and instantons in the 2+1D topological order C. We realize the rough-rough wall and e−m exchange wall in the toric code model on the lattice by deforming the Hamiltonian based on the corresponding algebraic data. We apply condensation completion to the toric code, 3F, two-layer semion and Z4 topological orders, and explicitly enumerate their 1d and 0d defects along with fusion rules. We also mention other applications of condensation completion: alternative interpretations of condensation completion of a braided fusion category; condensation completion of the category of symmetry charges and its correspondence to gapped phases with symmetry; for a topological order C, one can find all gapped boundaries of the stacking of C with its time-reversal conjugate through computing the condensation completion of C.

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