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Three-dimensional domain-wall membranes

J. J. Mankenberg1,* and Ar. Abanov2

  • *Contact author: jamaab@lnu.se
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Phys. Rev. B 113, 014435 – Published 26 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/d2n7-rmvt

Abstract

Three-dimensional magnetic textures, such as Hopfions, torons, and skyrmion tubes, possess rich geometric and topological structure, but their detailed energetics, deformation modes, and collective behavior are yet to be fully understood. In this work, we develop an effective geometric theory for general three-dimensional textures by representing them as embedded two-dimensional orientable domain-wall membranes. Using a local ansatz for the magnetization in terms of membrane coordinates, we integrate out the internal domain-wall profile to obtain a reduced two-dimensional energy functional. This functional captures the coupling between curvature, topology, and the interplay of micromagnetic energies, and is expressed in terms of a small set of soft-mode fields: the local wall thickness and in-plane magnetization angle. Additionally, we construct a local formula for the Hopf index which sheds light on the coupling between geometry and topology for nontrivial textures. We analyze the general properties of the theory and demonstrate its utility through the example of a flat membrane hosting a vortex as well as a toroidal Hopfion, obtaining analytic solutions for the wall thickness profile, associated energetics, and a confirmation of the Hopf index formula. The framework naturally extends to more complex geometries and can accommodate additional interactions such as Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya, Zeeman, and other anisotropies, making it a versatile tool for exploring the interplay between geometry, topology, and micromagnetics in three-dimensional spin systems.

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Phys. Rev. B 113, 014435– Published 26 January, 2026
  • Received 19 September 2025
  • Accepted 17 December 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by Bibsam.

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