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    Boundary topological orders of (4+1)d fermionic Z2NF symmetry protected topological states

    Meng Cheng1, Juven Wang2,3, and Xinping Yang1,*

    • *Contact author: xinping.yang@yale.edu

    Phys. Rev. B 113, 125105 – Published 2 March, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/bjvz-tmj2

    Abstract

    We investigate (3+1)d topological orders (TOs) in fermionic systems with anomalous Z2NF symmetry, where its Z2F subgroup is the fermion parity. Such an anomalous symmetry arises as a discrete subgroup of the chiral U(1) symmetry of ν copies of Weyl fermions of the same chirality. Inspired by the crystalline correspondence principle, we deform the anomalous Z2NF symmetry of a (3 + 1)d Weyl fermion to the anomalous CN×Z2F symmetry. Then we microscopically construct symmetry preserving gapped boundary states of the closely related (4+1)d CN×Z2F symmetry protected topological state (with CN being the N-fold rotation), whenever it is possible. For ν=N, we show that the (3+1)d symmetric gapped state admits a topological Z4 gauge theory description at low energy and propose that a similar theory saturates the corresponding Z2NF anomaly. For N∤ν, our construction admits no topological quantum field theory (TQFT) symmetric gapped state; while for ν=N/2, we find a non-TQFT symmetric gapped state via stacking lower-dimensional (2+1)d non-discrete-gauge-theory TO inhomogeneously. For other values of ν, no symmetric gapped state is possible within our construction, which is consistent with the no-go theorem by Cordova-Ohmori.

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