Systems with conserved dipole moment have drawn considerable interest in light of their realization in recent experiments on tilted optical lattices. An important issue regarding such systems is delineating the conditions under which they admit a unique gapped ground state that is consistent with all symmetries. Here, we study one-dimensional translation-invariant lattices that conserve $\mathrm{U}\left(1\right)$ charge and ${\mathbb{Z}}_L$ dipole moment, where discreteness of the dipole symmetry is enforced by periodic boundary conditions, with $L$ the system size. We show that in these systems a symmetric, gapped, and nondegenerate ground state requires not only integer charge filling, but also a fixed value of the dipole filling, while other fractional dipole fillings enforce either a gapless or symmetry-breaking ground state. In contrast with prior results in the literature, we find that the dipole filling constraint depends both on the charge filling as well as the system size, emphasizing the subtle interplay of dipole symmetry with boundary conditions. We support our results with numerical simulations and exact results.

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• Anomalies
• Topological phases of matter
• 1-dimensional systems
• Discrete symmetries
• Nonperturbative methods