Non-Hermitian systems exhibit diverse graph patterns of energy spectra under open boundary conditions. Here, we present an algebraic framework to comprehensively characterize the spectral geometry and graph topology of non-Bloch bands. Using a locally defined potential function, we unravel the spectral-collapse mechanism from Bloch to non-Bloch bands, delicately placing the spectral graph at the troughs of the potential landscape. The potential formalism deduces the non-Bloch band theory and generates the density of states via the Poisson equation. We further investigate the Euler-graph topology by classifying spectral vertices based on their multiplicities and projections onto the generalized Brillouin zone. Through concrete models, we identify three elementary graph-topology transitions (UVY, $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$-like, and self-crossing), accompanied by the emergence of singularities in the generalized Brillouin zone. Lastly, we unveil how to generally account for isolated edge states outside the spectral graph. Our work lays the cornerstone for exploring the versatile spectral geometry and graph topology of non-Hermitian non-Bloch bands.

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• Geometric & topological phases
• Topological phase transition
• Non-Hermitian systems
• Graph theory
• Topology