Many intriguing physical phenomena have emerged from the Bi-containing materials due to the interplay of band topology and strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC). In this work, we report anisotropic spin-to-charge conversion in Bi, a semimetal endowed with highly anisotropic Fermi surfaces in addition to strong SOC. The value of spin Hall angle ${\theta }_{\mathrm{SH}}$ in Bi, that measures the spin-to-charge conversion efficiency, varies from ${\theta }_{\mathrm{SH}}\approx 0$ to ${\theta }_{\mathrm{SH}}\approx 2.6\%$ for two predominant crystal orientations. In addition, the propensity of oxidation and interface quality also affect the spin-to-charge conversion in Bi. The highly anisotropic spin-to-charge conversion between Bi(003) and Bi(012) provide significant insights into the exploration and development of Bi-based topological quantum materials and spintronics.

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• Crystal orientation
• Spin Hall effect
• Spin Seebeck effect
• Spin current
• Spin pumping
• Spin-orbit coupling
• Spintronics
• Heterostructures
• Magnetic insulators
• High-resolution transmission electron microscopy
• Sputtering
• X-ray diffraction