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  • Letter

Ultrafast electronic linewidth broadening in the C 1s core level of graphene

Davide Curcio1, Sahar Pakdel1, Klara Volckaert1, Jill A. Miwa1, Søren Ulstrup1, Nicola Lanatà2,3, Marco Bianchi1, Dmytro Kutnyakhov4, Federico Pressacco4 et al.

Günter Brenner4, Siarhei Dziarzhytski4, Harald Redlin4, Steinn Ymir Agustsson5, Katerina Medjanik5, Dmitry Vasilyev5, Hans-Joachim Elmers5, Gerd Schönhense5, Christian Tusche6,7, Ying-Jiun Chen6,7, Florian Speck8, Thomas Seyller8, Kevin Bühlmann9, Rafael Gort9, Florian Diekmann10, Kai Rossnagel10,11, Yves Acremann9, Jure Demsar5, Wilfried Wurth4,12,*, Daniel Lizzit13,†, Luca Bignardi13,‡, Paolo Lacovig13, Silvano Lizzit13, Charlotte E. Sanders14, and Philip Hofmann1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
  • 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
  • 3Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
  • 4Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
  • 5Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Institut für Physik, 55099 Mainz, Germany
  • 6Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
  • 7Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
  • 8Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Strasse 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
  • 9Department of Physics, Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
  • 10Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
  • 11Ruprecht Haensel Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
  • 12Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Hamburg University, Luruper Chausee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
  • 13Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
  • 14STFC Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom

  • *Deceased.
  • †Present address: Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture (DPIA), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
  • ‡Present address: Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Phys. Rev. B 104, L161104 – Published 6 October, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.104.L161104

Abstract

We show that the presence of a transiently excited hot electron gas in graphene leads to a substantial broadening of the C 1s line probed by time-resolved x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The broadening is found to be caused by an exchange of energy and momentum between the photoemitted core electron and the hot electron gas, rather than by vibrational excitations. This interpretation is supported by a quantitative line-shape analysis that accounts for the presence of the excited electrons. Fitting the spectra to this model directly yields the electronic temperature of the system, in good agreement with electronic temperature values obtained from valence band data. Furthermore, we show how the momentum change of the outgoing core electrons leads to a detectable but very small change in the time-resolved photoelectron diffraction pattern and to a nearly complete elimination of the core level binding energy variation associated with the presence of a narrow σ band in the C 1s state.

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Phys. Rev. B 104, L161104– Published 6 October, 2021
  • Received 20 May 2021
  • Revised 16 September 2021
  • Accepted 20 September 2021
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