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    Effect of Coulomb correlation in the generalized Einstein relation in disordered organic semiconductors

    Zihan Wang1, Meiqin Han1, Haitao Ling1, Yilong Wang1, Haorong Zhu1, Jiawei Wang2, Guofu Zhou1,3, and Feilong Liu1,*

    • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
    • 2Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
    • 3Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, People's Republic of China

    • *Contact author: feilongliu@m.scnu.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. B 114, 194206 – Published 22 October, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9scn-nyjl

    Abstract

    The Einstein relation linking charge carrier mobility and diffusion coefficient is a fundamental principle of charge transport. However, in disordered organic semiconductors, energetic disorder and carrier filling in localized states lead to a concentration-dependent diffusivity–mobility ratio described by the generalized Einstein relation (GER). Carrier-carrier interactions may further modify carrier occupation and transport behavior in these systems. However, their role in determining GER remains largely unexplored, especially in multicomponent systems. Here, using three-dimensional kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the impact of Coulomb correlation on the GER in pure materials, binary systems, and ternary systems. We show that Coulomb correlation systematically modifies the GER, with the magnitude of the modification regulated by the relative permittivity, host-guest energy offset, guest concentration, temperature, and energetic disorder. The underlying mechanism is an interplay between energy-selective filling and Coulomb-induced carrier redistribution. In hostguest systems, the pronounced peak structures arising from multistep filling are progressively modified by Coulomb correlation. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of how Coulomb correlation governs the GER in disordered organic semiconductors and offer valuable insights for parametrizing diffusivity and mobility in drift-diffusion simulations of organic electronic devices.

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