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Relaxation pathways and emergence of domains in square artificial spin ice

Matteo Menniti1, Naëmi Leo1,2,*, Pedro Villalba-González1,3, Matteo Pancaldi4, and Paolo Vavassori1,5,†

  • *Contact author: n.leo@lboro.ac.uk
  • †Contact author: p.vavassori@nanogune.eu
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Phys. Rev. B 112, 134410 – Published 7 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9mlg-ckxl

Abstract

Multidomain states of square artificial spin ice show a range of different morphologies ranging from simple stripelike domains to more organically shaped coral domains. To model the relevant dynamics leading to the emergence of such diverse domain structures, simplified descriptions of the switching behavior of individual nanomagnets are necessary. In this work, we employ kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of the demagnetization of square artificial spin ice toward its ground state and compare how the choice of transition barriers affect the emergence of mesoscale domains. We find that the commonly used mean-field barrier model (informed by equilibrium energetics only) results in propagation of ground-state string avalanches. In contrast, taking into account chiral barrier splitting enabled by state-dependent local torques supports the emergence of complex-shaped coral domains and their successful relaxation towards the ground state in later relaxation stages. Our results highlight that intrinsic contributions to switching barriers, in addition to the effect of extrinsic defects often attributed to nanofabrication irregularities, can subtly shift favored transition pathways and result in different emergent mesoscale features. Future kinetic Monte Carlo models that describe the evolution of artificial spin systems should thus account for these effects.

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Phys. Rev. B 112, 134410– Published 7 October, 2025
  • Received 29 May 2025
  • Revised 30 August 2025
  • Accepted 3 September 2025
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