Boundary and symmetry breaking in a deformed toric code
Phys. Rev. B 114, 125119 – Published 19 August, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9jhq-v7nj
Abstract
This work explores a deformation of Kitaev's toric code that induces a phase transition out of the topologically ordered phase. By placing the model on a cylinder, the bulk global 1-form symmetries separate into distinct boundary operators, allowing us to show that the transition is accompanied by the condensation of all anyons in a given boundary. Using a lower dimensional, i.e., -dimensional, boundary Hamiltonian, we extract an effective central charge and find a pronounced suppression near , followed by its restoration at strong coupling.