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    Simultaneous high-fidelity readout and strong coupling in a donor-based spin qubit

    Si Yan Koh1, Weifan Wu1, Kelvin Onggadinata1, Arghya Maity1, Mark Chiyuan Ma2, Calvin Pei Yu Wong3,4, Kuan Eng Johnson Goh1,2,3,4, Bent Weber1, Hui Khoon Ng2,4 et al.

    Teck Seng Koh1

    Phys. Rev. B 113, 205306 – Published 8 May, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/7f91-6g8y

    Abstract

    Superconducting resonators coupled to solid-state qubits offer a scalable architecture for long-range entangling operations and fast, high-fidelity readout. Realizing this requires low photon-loss rates and qubits with tunable electric dipole moments that couple strongly to the resonator's electric field while maintaining long coherence times. For spin qubits, spin-photon coupling is typically achieved via spin-charge hybridization. However, this introduces a fundamental tradeoff: a large spin-charge admixture enhances the coupling strength, which boosts readout and resonator-mediated gate speeds, but exposes the qubit to increased decoherence, thereby increasing the threshold required for strong coupling and limiting the time available for accurate state measurement. This makes it essential to identify optimal operating points for each qubit platform. We address this for the donor-based flip-flop qubit, the microwave-controllable electron-nuclear spin states of which make it suitable for coupling to microwave resonators. We demonstrate that, by choosing intermediate tunnel couplings that balance strong interaction with long qubit lifetimes, high-fidelity readout and strong coupling are simultaneously achievable. We also map out the respective charge-photon couplings and photon-loss rates required. Furthermore, we show that experimental constraints on charge-photon coupling and photon loss can be mitigated using squeezed input fields. As similar tradeoffs appear in quantum-dot-based qubits, our methods and insights extend naturally to these platforms, offering a potential route toward scalable architectures.

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