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    Entanglement structure for a finite system under dual-unitary dynamics

    Gaurav Rudra Malik1,*, Rohit Kumar Shukla2,†, Sudhanva Joshi1,‡, S. Aravinda3,§, and Sunil Kumar Mishra1,∥

    • *Contact author: gauravrudramalik.rs.phy22@itbhu.ac.in
    • †Contact author: rohitkrshukla.rs.phy17@itbhu.ac.in
    • ‡Contact author: sudhanvajoshi.rs.phy24@itbhu.ac.in
    • §Contact author: aravinda@iittp.ac.in
    • ∥Contact author: sunilkm.app@iitbhu.ac.in

    Phys. Rev. B 113, 064307 – Published 18 February, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6717-13lr

    Abstract

    The dynamics of quantum many-body systems in the chaotic regime are of particular interest due to the associated phenomena of information scrambling and entanglement generation within the system. While these systems are typically intractable using traditional numerical methods, an effective framework can be implemented based on dual-unitary circuits which have emerged as a minimal model for maximally chaotic dynamics. In this work, we investigate how individual two-body operators influence the global dynamics of circuits composed of dual unitaries. We study their effect on entanglement generation while examining it from both bipartite and multipartite perspectives. Here we also highlight the significant role of local unitaries in the dynamics when paired with operators from the dual-unitary class, showing that systems with identical entangling power can exhibit a range of differing entanglement growth rates. Furthermore, we present calculations establishing time-step-dependent lower bounds, which depend on both the initial state and the entangling power of the constituent operators. Finally, we find that time-evolving an initial state composed of pair products generates a state with nearly maximal multipartite entanglement content, approaching the bounds established by Absolutely Maximally Entangled (AME) states.

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