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Power laws for the thermal slip length of a liquid/solid interface from the structure and frequency response of the contact zone

Hiroki Kaifu and Sandra M. Troian*

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Phys. Rev. Applied 25, 014059 – Published 26 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/ztng-519w

Abstract

The newest and most powerful electronic chips for applications such as artificial intelligence generate so much heat that liquid-based cooling has become indispensable to prevent breakdown from thermal runaway effects. While cooling schemes such as microfluidic networks or liquid immersion are proving effective for now, further progress requires tackling an age-old problem—namely, the intrinsic thermal impedance of the liquid/solid (L/S) interface, quantified either by the thermal boundary resistance or by the thermal slip length. While there are well-known models for estimating bounds on the thermal impedance of a superfluid/metal interface, no analytic models or experimental data are available for normal liquid/solid interfaces. Researchers therefore rely on nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to gain insight into phonon transfer at the L/S interface. Here we explore correlated order and motion within the L/S contact zone in an effort to extract general scaling relations for the thermal slip length in Lennard-Jones (LJ) systems. We focus on the in-plane structure factor and dominant vibrational frequency of the first solid and liquid layer for 180 systems. When scaled by the temperature of the liquid contact layer and characteristic LJ interaction distance, the data collapse onto two power-law equations, one quantifying the reduction in thermal impedance from enhanced in-plane translational order and the other from enhanced frequency matching in the contact zone. More generally, these power-law relations highlight the critical role of surface acoustic phonons, an area of focus that may also prove useful to the development of analytic models as well as instrumentation for testing the relations proposed.

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Phys. Rev. Applied 25, 014059– Published 26 January, 2026
  • Received 16 October 2024
  • Revised 26 November 2025
  • Accepted 18 December 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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