Three-dimensional underwater acoustic holography based on a genetic algorithm–optimized binary metasurface
Phys. Rev. Applied 25, 034082 – Published 26 March, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/wyx5-7bcx
Abstract
Acoustic holography has become a research hot spot in the field of acoustics due to its exceptional sound field manipulation capability, showing a great potential in biomedical engineering, acoustic communication, and additive manufacturing. Here we realize three-dimensional (3D) underwater holography by using a genetic algorithm–optimized binary metasurface. Our approach encompasses spatial discretization of a 3D target, global optimization by aid of the genetic algorithm equipped with an angular spectrum–based forward model, and reconstruction of the 3D target by sound intensity distribution. The effectiveness of our proposed method is verified through experimental demonstration. The achievement of a high-quality 3D acoustic hologram underwater has significant applications in 3D acoustic tweezing, high-capacity communication, and sound-empowered 3D bioprinting.
