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Reconfigurable circuit for mode-tunable topological quantum structured light

Pedro Ornelas1, Tatjana Kleine1, André G. de Oliveira2, Carmelo Rosales-Guzmán3, Andrew Forbes1, and Isaac Nape1,*

  • *Contact author: isaac.nape@wits.ac.za

Phys. Rev. Applied 26, 034043 – Published 18 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/w3dc-58pw

Abstract

Structured light in the quantum regime has garnered considerable attention due to the opportunities it offers when mixing light’s internal degrees of freedom, for high-dimensional and multidimensional quantum states of light. A popular example is to harness polarization and spatial entangled photons with a shared topological invariant that is robust against numerous families of noisy quantum channels. Yet, producing such states with high purity and adaptability remains challenging. Here, we introduce a compact, self-locking Mach-Zehnder interferometer that integrates digital spatial light modulators with static beam displacers to map spatial-mode entanglement from a parametric down-conversion source onto topological entanglement with high fidelity. The device also mimics the action of a reprogrammable controlled-unitary gate, digitally driven by the spatial light modulator with the desired target state preparation achieved through postselection. This approach is an enabling platform and provides a practical route to generating reliable, high-purity quantum structured light with topological features, both at the single-photon level and as entangled states, a direction of growing topical interest.

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