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    Bootstrapping, autonomous testing, and initialization system for Si/SixGe1−x multi-quantum-dot devices

    Tyler J. Kovach1,*, Daniel Schug2, M.A. Wolfe1, E.R. MacQuarrie1,†, Patrick J. Walsh1, Owen M. Eskandari1, Jared Benson1, Mark Friesen1, M.A. Eriksson1 et al.

    Justyna P. Zwolak3,4,5,‡

    • *Contact author: tkovach@wisc.edu
    • †Present address: Photonic, Inc., Vancouver, Canada.
    • ‡Contact author: jpzwolak@nist.gov

    Phys. Rev. Applied 25, 014043 – Published 20 January, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/vbtg-fws9

    Abstract

    Semiconductor quantum dot (QD) devices have become central to advancements in spin-based quantum computing. However, the increasing complexity of modern QD devices makes calibration and control—particularly at elevated temperatures—a bottleneck to progress, highlighting the need for robust and scalable autonomous solutions. A major hurdle arises from trapped charges within the oxide layers, which induce random offset voltage shifts on gate electrodes, with a standard deviation of approximately 83 mV of variation within state-of-the-art present-day devices. Efficient characterization and tuning of large arrays of QD qubits depend on choices of automated protocols. Here we introduce a physically intuitive framework for a bootstrapping, autonomous testing, and initialization system (BATIS) designed to streamline QD device evaluation and calibration. BATIS navigates high-dimensional gate voltage spaces, automating essential steps such as leakage testing, formation of all current channels, and gate characterization in the presence of trapped charges. For forming the current channels, BATIS follows a nonstandard approach that requires a single set of measurements regardless of the number of channels. Demonstrated at 1.3 K on a quadruple QD Si/SixGe1−x device, BATIS eliminates the need for deep cryogenic environments during initial device diagnostics, significantly increasing scalability and reducing setup times. By requiring only minimal prior knowledge of the device architecture, BATIS represents a platform-agnostic solution, adaptable to various QD systems, which bridges a critical gap in QD autotuning.

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