Stochastic nanomagnets as current digitizers for efficient probabilistic machine learning
Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 044012 – Published 3 October, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/s86j-5jcr
Abstract
This paper is a contribution to the Physical Review Applied collection titled Physics-Inspired Computing.
The rapidly growing demand for more efficient artificial intelligence (AI) hardware accelerators remains a pressing challenge. Crossbar arrays have been widely proposed as a promising in-memory computing (IMC) architecture. But conventional nonvolatile-memory-based crossbar arrays inherently require a large number of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), leading to significant area and energy inefficiencies. Here, we demonstrate three-terminal stochastic magnetic tunnel junctions (sMTJs) operated by spin-orbit torque as alternative interfacial components between the analog and digital domains for next-generation AI accelerators. By harnessing the intrinsic analog-current-to-digital-signal conversion from sMTJs, we replace conventionally bulky, energy-hungry, and slow ADCs with compact, low power, and rapid stochastic current digitizers. Furthermore, a partial-sum approach is leveraged to break down large matrix operations, allowing computational efficiency while demonstrating high accuracy on the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology handwritten digit dataset. This work offers promising results for realizing innovative IMC architectures leveraging edge devices integral to the future of AI hardware.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
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This article appears in the following collection:
Collection on Physics-Inspired Computing
Physical Review Applied is pleased to present a Collection on Physics-Inspired Computing, highlighting the rapidly evolving field of energy-efficient computing techniques, from hardware technologies to algorithms, where physics inspiration serves as the crucial link. Contributions to this collection will be published throughout 2025. This Collection is being curated by Guest Editors Kerem Camsari and Supriyo Datta.
