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    Selectable mode cross-transformation in orbital-angular-momentum- and wavelength-multiplexing channels

    Qingji Zeng1,*, Hao Wu1,*, Jiachen Liao1,*, Zhibin Wu2, Jiafu Chen1,†, Huapeng Ye3, Shuqing Chen1, Dianyuan Fan1, and Junmin Liu2,‡

    • 1Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
    • 2College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
    • 3Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China

    • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
    • †Contact author: chenjiafu2017@email.szu.edu.cn
    • ‡Contact author: liujunmin@sztu.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 044010 – Published 3 October, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/pz4z-l4q3

    Abstract

    Data exchange across various orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) channels is a crucial interconnection process within mode-multiplexed optical communication networks. However, the versatile cross-connection of multidimensional hybrid channels, especially those involving modes and wavelengths, has been constrained in conventional monochromatic operations, impeding their advancement in multiwavelength systems. Herein, we introduce a selectable mode cross-transformation solution for OAM mode-wavelength hybrid cross-connections by constructing wavelength-dependent rotatable diffractive deep neural networks (R−D2NNs). Incorporated with wavelength-sensitive free-space Fresnel diffraction, this framework achieves chromatic dispersion decoupling of three wavelength channels with an 8-nm interval. By deploying spatially engineered rotatable diffractive layers, the R−D2NNs unlock switchable unitary transformations for paired OAM modes, allowing for parallel yet independent multimode interconversions across each wavelength dimension, with insertion losses under −5.82 dB and mode purities above 85.8%. As an application demonstration, dynamic data exchange of quadrature phase-shift keying signal streams is successfully implemented by selectively cross-connecting six mode-wavelength multiplexing channels, obtaining bit-error rates close to 10−5. The feasibility of the presented method for both partial and full channel cross-connections under seven static interconnection scenarios is validated and highlighted. Our solutions establish a scalable and miniaturized diffractive network architecture for comprehensive manipulation of both OAM modes and wavelengths, offering a foundational platform for multidimensional channel processing in optical communications and dynamic interconnections.

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