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    Frequency collisions in parametrically modulated superconducting circuits

    Zhuang Ma1,2,3, Peng Zhao4,*, Xinsheng Tan1,2,3,5,6,†, and Yang Yu1,2,3,5,6,‡

    • *Contact author: shangniguo@sina.com
    • †Contact author: tanxs@nju.edu.cn
    • ‡Contact author: yuyang@nju.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. Applied 26, 034042 – Published 18 September, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/ptj2-kcpc

    Abstract

    Superconducting circuits are a leading platform for scalable quantum computing, where parametric modulation is a widely used technique for implementing high-fidelity multiqubit operations. A critical challenge, however, is that this modulation can induce a dense landscape of parasitic couplings, leading to detrimental frequency collisions that constrain processor performance. In this work, we develop a comprehensive numerical framework, grounded in Floquet theory, to systematically analyze and mitigate these collisions. Our approach integrates this numerical analysis with newly derived analytical models for both qubit-modulated and coupler-modulated schemes, allowing us to characterize the major parasitic sideband interactions captured by the model and their distinct error budgets. This analysis forms the basis of a constraint-based optimization methodology designed to identify parameter configurations that satisfy the derived physical constraints, thereby avoiding detrimental parasitic interactions. We illustrate the utility of this framework with applications to analog quantum simulation and gate design. Our work provides a predictive tool for co-engineering device parameters and control protocols, enabling the systematic suppression of crosstalk and paving the way for large-scale, high-performance quantum processors.

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