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Closed-loop optimization for high-fidelity controlled-Z gates in superconducting qubits

N.J. Glaser1,2,*, F.A. Roy2,3, I. Tsitsilin1,2, L. Koch1,2, N. Bruckmoser1,2, J. Schirk1,2, J.H. Romeiro1,2, G.B.P. Huber1,2, F. Wallner1,2 et al.

M. Singh1,2, G. Krylov1,2, A. Marx1,2, L. Södergren1,2, C.M.F. Schneider1,2, M. Werninghaus1,2, and S. Filipp1,2,4,†

  • *Contact author: niklas.glaser@wmi.badw.de
  • †Contact author: stefan.filipp@wmi.badw.de
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Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 024048 – Published 20 August, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/pckq-2csc

Abstract

Achieving fast and high-fidelity qubit operations is crucial for unlocking the potential of quantum computers. In particular, reaching low gate errors in two-qubit gates has been a long-standing challenge in the field of superconducting qubits due to their typically long duration relative to coherence times. To realize fast gates, we use the hybridization between fixed-frequency superconducting qubits with a strongly interacting coupler mode that is tunable in frequency. To reduce population leakage during required adiabatic passages through avoided level crossings, we employ a sensitivity-adaptive closed-loop optimization method to design complex pulse shapes. We compare the performance of Gaussian-square, Fourier-series, and piecewise-constant-slope pulse parametrizations and are able to reach 99.9% controlled-Z-gate fidelity using a 64-ns-long Fourier-series pulse defined by only seven parameters. These high-fidelity values are achieved by analyzing the optimized pulse shapes to identify and systematically mitigate signal-line distortions in the experiment. To improve the convergence speed of the optimization, we implement an adaptive cost function, which continuously maximizes the sensitivity. The demonstrated method can be used for tune-up and recalibration of superconducting quantum processors.

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Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 024048– Published 20 August, 2025
  • Received 9 January 2025
  • Revised 30 June 2025
  • Accepted 15 July 2025
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