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  • Open Access

Dynamic Josephson-junction metasurfaces for multiplexed control of superconducting qubits

Mustafa Bakr*

  • *Contact author: mustafa.bakr@physics.ox.ac.uk
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Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 054069 – Published 21 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/n6gs-zlhc

Abstract

Scaling superconducting quantum processors to large qubit counts faces challenges in control-signal delivery, thermal management, and hardware complexity, particularly in achieving microwave signal multiplexing and long-distance quantum information routing at millikelvin temperatures. We propose a space-time modulated Josephson-junction metasurface architecture to generate and multiplex microwave control signals directly at millikelvin temperatures. Theoretical and numerical results demonstrate the generation of multiple frequency tones with controlled parameters, enabling efficient and scalable qubit control while minimizing thermal loads and wiring overhead. We derive the nonlinear wave equation governing this system, simulate beam steering and frequency conversion, and discuss the feasibility of experimental implementation. These results lay the groundwork for a next-generation cryogenic signal-delivery paradigm that may enable scaling of superconducting quantum processors to thousands of qubits without overwhelming limited dilution-refrigerator cooling power.

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Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 054069– Published 21 November, 2025
  • Received 18 November 2024
  • Revised 27 September 2025
  • Accepted 7 November 2025
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