- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Applied

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Concurrent fermionic simulation gate

Zhongyi Jiang1,2,* and Mohammad H. Ansari1,2,†

  • *Contact author: zh.jiang@fz-juelich.de
  • †Contact author: m.ansari@fz-juelich.de
PDF

Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 024050 – Published 20 August, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/m5z3-jgk8

Abstract

Introducing flexible native entanglement gates can significantly reduce circuit complexity. We propose a gate integrating iswap and cphase operations within a single gate cycle. We theoretically show one possible realization of this gate for superconducting qubits using bichromatic parametric drives at distinct frequencies. We show how various parameters, such as drive amplitudes and frequencies, can control entanglement parameters. This approach enhances gate versatility, opening pathways for more efficient quantum computing.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (74)

  1. D. Gottesman, Stabilizer Codes and Quantum Error Correction, PhD thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 1997.
  2. R. Acharya, D. A. Abanin, L. Aghababaie-Beni, I. Aleiner, T. I. Andersen, M. Ansmann, F. Arute, K. Arya, A. Asfaw, N. Astrakhantsev et al., Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, Nature 638, 920 (2025).
  3. D. Bluvstein, S. J. Evered, A. A. Geim, S. H. Li, H. Zhou, T. Manovitz, S. Ebadi, M. Cain, M. Kalinowski, D. Hangleiter et al., Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays, Nature 626, 58 (2024).
  4. F. Arute, K. Arya, R. Babbush, D. Bacon, J. C. Bardin, R. Barends, R. Biswas, S. Boixo, F. G. Brandao, D. A. Buell et al., Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor, Nature 574, 505 (2019).
  5. R. Acharya et al. G. Q. AI, Suppressing quantum errors by scaling a surface code logical qubit, Nature 614, 676 (2023).
  6. M. Mohseni et al., How to build a quantum supercomputer: Scaling challenges and opportunities, arXiv:arXiv:2411.10406.
  7. S. Bravyi, O. Dial, J. M. Gambetta, D. Gil, and Z. Nazario, The future of quantum computing with superconducting qubits, J. Appl. Phys. 132, 160902 (2022).
  8. M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information: 10th Anniversary Edition (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010).
  9. M. McEwen, K. C. Miao, J. Atalaya, A. Bilmes, A. Crook, J. Bovaird, J. M. Kreikebaum, N. Zobrist, E. Jeffrey, B. Ying et al., Resisting high-energy impact events through gap engineering in superconducting qubit arrays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 240601 (2024).
  10. R. Benevides, M. Drimmer, G. Bisson, F. Adinolfi, U. Lüpke, H. Doeleman, G. Catelani, and Y. Chu, Quasiparticle dynamics in a superconducting qubit irradiated by a localized infrared source, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 060602 (2024).
  11. M. Bal, M. H. Ansari, J.-L. Orgiazzi, R. M. Lutchyn, and A. Lupascu, Dynamics of parametric fluctuations induced by quasiparticle tunneling in superconducting flux qubits, Phys. Rev. B 91, 195434 (2015).
  12. M. H. Ansari, Rate of tunneling nonequilibrium quasiparticles in superconducting qubits, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 28, 045005 (2015).
  13. J. Lisenfeld, A. Bilmes, and A. V. Ustinov, Enhancing the coherence of superconducting quantum bits with electric fields, npj Quantum Inf. 9, 8 (2023).
  14. M. H. Ansari, F. K. Wilhelm, U. Sinha, and A. Sinha, The effect of environmental coupling on tunneling of quasiparticles in Josephson junctions, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26, 125013 (2013).
  15. X. Xu, Manabputra, C. Vignes, M. H. Ansari, and J. M. Martinis, Lattice Hamiltonians and stray interactions within quantum processors, Phys. Rev. Appl. 22, 064030 (2024).
  16. X. Xu and M. Ansari, ZZ freedom in two-qubit gates, Phys. Rev. Appl. 15, 064074 (2021).
  17. X. Xu and M. Ansari, Parasitic-free gate: An error-protected cross-resonance switch in weakly tunable architectures, Phys. Rev. Appl. 19, 024057 (2023).
  18. S. P. Fors, J. Fernández-Pendás, and A. F. Kockum, Comprehensive explanation of ZZ coupling in superconducting qubits, arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.15402.
  19. J. M. Chow, A. D. Córcoles, J. M. Gambetta, C. Rigetti, B. R. Johnson, J. A. Smolin, J. R. Rozen, G. A. Keefe, M. B. Rothwell, M. B. Ketchen, and M. Steffen, Simple all-microwave entangling gate for fixed-frequency superconducting qubits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 080502 (2011).
  20. A. Kandala, K. X. Wei, S. Srinivasan, E. Magesan, S. Carnevale, G. A. Keefe, D. Klaus, O. Dial, and D. C. McKay, Demonstration of a high-fidelity cnot gate for fixed-frequency transmons with engineered ZZ suppression, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 130501 (2021).
  21. Z. Ni, S. Li, L. Zhang, J. Chu, J. Niu, T. Yan, X. Deng, L. Hu, J. Li, Y. Zhong, S. Liu, F. Yan, Y. Xu, and D. Yu, Scalable method for eliminating residual ZZ interaction between superconducting qubits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 040502 (2022).
  22. B. K. Mitchell, R. K. Naik, A. Morvan, A. Hashim, J. M. Kreikebaum, B. Marinelli, W. Lavrijsen, K. Nowrouzi, D. I. Santiago, and I. Siddiqi, Hardware-efficient microwave-activated tunable coupling between superconducting qubits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 200502 (2021).
  23. K. X. Wei, E. Magesan, I. Lauer, S. Srinivasan, D. F. Bogorin, S. Carnevale, G. A. Keefe, Y. Kim, D. Klaus, W. Landers, N. Sundaresan, C. Wang, E. J. Zhang, M. Steffen, O. E. Dial, D. C. McKay, and A. Kandala, Hamiltonian engineering with multicolor drives for fast entangling gates and quantum crosstalk cancellation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 060501 (2022).
  24. L. Ding, M. Hays, Y. Sung, B. Kannan, J. An, A. Di Paolo, A. H. Karamlou, T. M. Hazard, K. Azar, D. K. Kim, B. M. Niedzielski, A. Melville, M. E. Schwartz, J. L. Yoder, T. P. Orlando, S. Gustavsson, J. A. Grover, K. Serniak, and W. D. Oliver, High-fidelity, frequency-flexible two-qubit fluxonium gates with a transmon coupler, Phys. Rev. X 13, 031035 (2023).
  25. J. Stehlik, D. M. Zajac, D. L. Underwood, T. Phung, J. Blair, S. Carnevale, D. Klaus, G. A. Keefe, A. Carniol, M. Kumph, M. Steffen, and O. E. Dial, Tunable coupling architecture for fixed-frequency transmon superconducting qubits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 080505 (2021).
  26. M. C. Collodo, J. Herrmann, N. Lacroix, C. K. Andersen, A. Remm, S. Lazar, J.-C. Besse, T. Walter, A. Wallraff, and C. Eichler, Implementation of conditional phase gates based on tunable ZZ interactions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 240502 (2020).
  27. J. Preskill, Quantum computing in the NISQ era and beyond, Quantum 2, 79 (2018).
  28. L. Egan, D. M. Debroy, C. Noel, A. Risinger, D. Zhu, D. Biswas, M. Newman, M. Li, K. R. Brown, M. Cetina, and C. Monroe, Fault-tolerant control of an error-corrected qubit, Nature 598, 281 (2021).
  29. I. M. Georgescu, S. Ashhab, and F. Nori, Quantum simulation, Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 153 (2014).
  30. A. J. Daley, I. Bloch, C. Kokail, S. Flannigan, N. Pearson, M. Troyer, and P. Zoller, Practical quantum advantage in quantum simulation, Nature 607, 667 (2022).
  31. C. W. Bauer et al., Quantum simulation for high-energy physics, PRX Quantum 4, 027001 (2023).
  32. Y. Kim, A. Eddins, S. Anand, K. X. Wei, E. van den Berg, S. Rosenblatt, H. Nayfeh, Y. Wu, M. Zaletel, K. Temme, and A. Kandala, Evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance, Nature 618, 500 (2023).
  33. F. Verstraete, J. I. Cirac, and J. I. Latorre, Quantum circuits for strongly correlated quantum systems, Phys. Rev. A 79, 032316 (2009).
  34. I. D. Kivlichan, J. McClean, N. Wiebe, C. Gidney, A. Aspuru-Guzik, G. K.-L. Chan, and R. Babbush, Quantum simulation of electronic structure with linear depth and connectivity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 110501 (2018).
  35. C. Cade, L. Mineh, A. Montanaro, and S. Stanisic, Strategies for solving the Fermi-Hubbard model on near-term quantum computers, Phys. Rev. B 102, 235122 (2020).
  36. B. Foxen et al. Google AI Quantum, Demonstrating a continuous set of two-qubit gates for near-term quantum algorithms, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 120504 (2020).
  37. I. N. Moskalenko, I. A. Simakov, N. N. Abramov, A. A. Grigorev, D. O. Moskalev, A. A. Pishchimova, N. S. Smirnov, E. V. Zikiy, I. A. Rodionov, and I. S. Besedin, High fidelity two-qubit gates on fluxoniums using a tunable coupler, npj Quantum Inf. 8, 130 (2022).
  38. N. Lacroix, C. Hellings, C. K. Andersen, A. Di Paolo, A. Remm, S. Lazar, S. Krinner, G. J. Norris, M. Gabureac, J. Heinsoo, A. Blais, C. Eichler, and A. Wallraff, Improving the performance of deep quantum optimization algorithms with continuous gate sets, PRX Quantum 1, 020304 (2020).
  39. M. Ganzhorn, D. Egger, P. Barkoutsos, P. Ollitrault, G. Salis, N. Moll, M. Roth, A. Fuhrer, P. Mueller, S. Woerner, I. Tavernelli, and S. Filipp, Gate-efficient simulation of molecular eigenstates on a quantum computer, Phys. Rev. Appl. 11, 044092 (2019).
  40. M. G. Algaba, P. V. Sriluckshmy, M. Leib, and F. Šimkovic IV, Low-depth simulations of fermionic systems on square-grid quantum hardware, Quantum 8, 1327 (2024).
  41. X. Gu, J. Fernández-Pendás, P. Vikstål, T. Abad, C. Warren, A. Bengtsson, G. Tancredi, V. Shumeiko, J. Bylander, G. Johansson et al., Fast multiqubit gates through simultaneous two-qubit gates, PRX Quantum 2, 040348 (2021).
  42. Y. Kim, A. Morvan, L. B. Nguyen, R. K. Naik, C. Jünger, L. Chen, J. M. Kreikebaum, D. I. Santiago, and I. Siddiqi, High-fidelity three-qubit iToffoli gate for fixed-frequency superconducting qubits, Nat. Phys. 18, 783 (2022).
  43. C. W. Warren, J. Fernández-Pendás, S. Ahmed, T. Abad, A. Bengtsson, J. Biznárová, K. Debnath, X. Gu, C. Križan, A. Osman et al., Extensive characterization and implementation of a family of three-qubit gates at the coherence limit, npj Quantum Inf. 9, 44 (2023).
  44. T. Itoko, M. Malekakhlagh, N. Kanazawa, and M. Takita, Three-qubit parity gate via simultaneous cross-resonance drives, Phys. Rev. Appl. 21, 034018 (2024).
  45. C. Križan et al., Quantum SWAP gate realized with CZ and iSWAP gates in a superconducting architecture, New J. Phys. 27, 074507 (2025).
  46. M. Reagor et al., Demonstration of universal parametric entangling gates on a multi-qubit lattice, Sci. Adv. 4, eaao3603 (2018).
  47. S. Caldwell, N. Didier, C. Ryan, E. Sete, A. Hudson, P. Karalekas, R. Manenti, M. da Silva, R. Sinclair, E. Acala et al., Parametrically activated entangling gates using transmon qubits, Phys. Rev. Appl. 10, 034050 (2018).
  48. T. McBroom-Carroll, A. Schlabes, X. Xu, J. Ku, B. Cole, S. Indrajeet, M. D. LaHaye, M. H. Ansari, and B. L. T. Plourde, Entangling interactions between artificial atoms mediated by a multimode left-handed superconducting ring resonator, PRX Quantum 5, 020325 (2024).
  49. A. Petrescu, C. Le Calonnec, C. Leroux, A. Di Paolo, P. Mundada, S. Sussman, A. Vrajitoarea, A. A. Houck, and A. Blais, Accurate methods for the analysis of strong-drive effects in parametric gates, Phys. Rev. Appl. 19, 044003 (2023).
  50. C. Scarato, K. Hanke, A. Remm, S. Lazăr, N. Lacroix, D. C. Zanuz, A. Flasby, A. Wallraff, and C. Hellings, Realizing a continuous set of two-qubit gates parameterized by an idle time, PRX Quantum (2025).
  51. S. Li, J. Xue, T. Chen, and Z.-Y. Xue, High-fidelity geometric quantum gates with short paths on superconducting circuits, Adv. Quantum Technol. 4, 2000140 (2021).
  52. J. A. Valery, S. Chowdhury, G. Jones, and N. Didier, Dynamical sweet spot engineering via two-tone flux modulation of superconducting qubits, PRX Quantum 3, 020337 (2022).
  53. J. Koch, T. M. Yu, J. Gambetta, A. A. Houck, D. I. Schuster, J. Majer, A. Blais, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin, and R. J. Schoelkopf, Charge-insensitive qubit design derived from the Cooper pair box, Phys. Rev. A 76, 042319 (2007).
  54. M. Roth, M. Ganzhorn, N. Moll, S. Filipp, G. Salis, and S. Schmidt, Analysis of a parametrically driven exchange-type gate and a two-photon excitation gate between superconducting qubits, Phys. Rev. A 96, 062323 (2017).
  55. P. Bertet, C. J. P. M. Harmans, and J. E. Mooij, Parametric coupling for superconducting qubits, Phys. Rev. B 73, 064512 (2006).
  56. A. Niskanen, K. Harrabi, F. Yoshihara, Y. Nakamura, S. Lloyd, and J. S. Tsai, Quantum coherent tunable coupling of superconducting qubits, Science 316, 723 (2007).
  57. A. O. Niskanen, Y. Nakamura, and J.-S. Tsai, Tunable coupling scheme for flux qubits at the optimal point, Phys. Rev. B 73, 094506 (2006).
  58. F. Beaudoin, M. P. da Silva, Z. Dutton, and A. Blais, First-order sidebands in circuit QED using qubit frequency modulation, Phys. Rev. A 86, 022305 (2012).
  59. J. D. Strand, M. Ware, F. Beaudoin, T. A. Ohki, B. R. Johnson, A. Blais, and B. L. T. Plourde, First-order sideband transitions with flux-driven asymmetric transmon qubits, Phys. Rev. B 87, 220505 (2013).
  60. B. Royer, A. L. Grimsmo, N. Didier, and A. Blais, Fast and high-fidelity entangling gate through parametrically modulated longitudinal coupling, Quantum 1, 11 (2017).
  61. R. Naik, N. Leung, S. Chakram, P. Groszkowski, Y. Lu, N. Earnest, D. McKay, J. Koch, and D. I. Schuster, Random access quantum information processors using multimode circuit quantum electrodynamics, Nat. Commun. 8, 1904 (2017).
  62. D. C. McKay, S. Filipp, A. Mezzacapo, E. Magesan, J. M. Chow, and J. M. Gambetta, Universal gate for fixed-frequency qubits via a tunable bus, Phys. Rev. Appl. 6, 064007 (2016).
  63. M. Ganzhorn, G. Salis, D. J. Egger, A. Fuhrer, M. Mergenthaler, C. Müller, P. Müller, S. Paredes, M. Pechal, M. Werninghaus, and S. Filipp, Benchmarking the noise sensitivity of different parametric two-qubit gates in a single superconducting quantum computing platform, Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 033447 (2020).
  64. A. Blais, A. L. Grimsmo, S. M. Girvin, and A. Wallraff, Circuit quantum electrodynamics, Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 025005 (2021).
  65. M. F. Gely, G. A. Steele, and D. Bothner, Nature of the lamb shift in weakly anharmonic atoms: From normal-mode splitting to quantum fluctuations, Phys. Rev. A 98, 053808 (2018).
  66. M. H. Ansari, Superconducting qubits beyond the dispersive regime, Phys. Rev. B 100, 024509 (2019).
  67. M. Xia, C. Zhou, C. Liu, P. Patel, X. Cao, P. Lu, B. Mesits, M. Mucci, D. Gorski, D. Pekker, and M. Hatridge, Fast superconducting qubit control with sub-harmonic drives, arXiv:2306.10162.
  68. J. Ku, X. Xu, M. Brink, D. C. McKay, J. B. Hertzberg, M. H. Ansari, and B. L. Plourde, Suppression of unwanted ZZ interactions in a hybrid two-qubit system, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 200504 (2020). arXiv:2003.02775.
  69. J. Strand, M. Ware, F. Beaudoin, T. Ohki, B. Johnson, A. Blais, and B. Plourde, First-order sideband transitions with flux-driven asymmetric transmon qubits, Phys. Rev. B—Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 87, 220505 (2013).
  70. L. H. Pedersen, N. M. Møller, and K. Mølmer, Fidelity of quantum operations, Phys. Lett. A 367, 47 (2007).
  71. J. Cohen, A. Petrescu, R. Shillito, and A. Blais, Reminiscence of classical chaos in driven transmons, PRX Quantum 4, 020312 (2023).
  72. L. DiCarlo, J. M. Chow, J. M. Gambetta, L. S. Bishop, B. R. Johnson, D. I. Schuster, J. Majer, A. Blais, L. Frunzio, S. M. Girvin, and R. J. Schoelkopf, Demonstration of two-qubit algorithms with a superconducting quantum processor, Nature 460, 240 (2009).
  73. A. F. Kockum, S. P. Fors, and J. F. Pendás, in APS March and April Meeting Abstracts, APS Meeting Abstracts, Vol. Session MAR-T17, 2025 (American Physical Society, Anaheim, CA, 2025).
  74. E. Hogedal, C. Warren, J. Fernández-Pendás, S. P. Fors, A. Aggarwal, C. Krizan, I. Ahmad, M. Dahiya, A. F. Roudsari, M. Rommel, A. Nylander, J. Bylander, A. F. Kockum, and G. Tancredi, in APS March and April Meeting Abstracts, APS Meeting Abstracts, Vol. Session MAR-T17, 2025 (American Physical Society, Anaheim, CA, 2025).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 024050– Published 20 August, 2025
  • Received 16 March 2025
  • Revised 23 May 2025
  • Accepted 25 July 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation