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    Microwave-activated high-fidelity three-qubit gate scheme for fixed-frequency superconducting qubits

    Kui Zhao1, Wei-Guo Ma2,3, Ziting Wang1, Hao Li1, Kaixuan Huang1, Yun-Hao Shi2,*, Kai Xu2,1,3,4,†, and Heng Fan2,1,3,4,‡

    • *Contact author: yhshi@iphy.ac.cn
    • †Contact author: kaixu@iphy.ac.cn
    • ‡Contact author: hfan@iphy.ac.cn

    Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 034064 – Published 24 September, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/l721-33qk

    Abstract

    Scalable superconducting quantum processors require balancing critical constraints in coherence, control complexity, and spectral crowding. Fixed-frequency architectures suppress flux noise and simplify control via all-microwave operations but remain limited by residual ZZ crosstalk. Here we propose a microwave-activated three-qubit gate protocol for fixed-frequency transmon qubits in the large-detuning regime (|Δ|≫g), leveraging the third-order nonlinear interaction to coherently exchange |001⟩↔|110⟩ states. By incorporating a phase-compensated optimization protocol, numerical simulations demonstrate a high average gate fidelity exceeding 99.9%. Systematic error analysis identifies static long-range ZZ coupling as the dominant error source in multiqubit systems, which can be suppressed via operations in the large-detuning regime (approximately 1 GHz). The protocol maintains process fidelities exceeding 98% under decoherence, while demonstrating intrinsic robustness to fabrication-induced parameter variations and compatibility with existing all-microwave two-qubit gate architectures. This hardware-efficient strategy advances scalable quantum computing systems by improving coherence properties, reducing spectral congestion, and expanding the experimental toolkit for error-resilient quantum operations in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era.

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