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Proposal for the generation of continuous-wave vacuum-ultraviolet laser light for Th-229 isomer precision spectroscopy

Qi Xiao1, Gleb Penyazkov1, Ruihan Yu1, Beichen Huang1, Jiatong Li1, Juanlang Shi1, Yanmei Yu2,3,*, Yuxiang Mo1,†, and Shiqian Ding1,4,‡

  • *Contact author: ymyu@aphy.iphy.ac.cn
  • †Contact author: ymo@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
  • ‡Contact author: dingshq@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

Phys. Rev. Applied 25, 024034 – Published 11 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/cw5h-644b

Abstract

Laser spectroscopy of the 229Th isomeric transition has recently emerged as a field with several groundbreaking advancements. However, the employed vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) laser sources in these studies are all pulsed, resulting in low spectral power densities that are largely inadequate for coherently driving this extraordinarily weak isomeric transition. Here, we propose generating a cw laser at 148.4 nm using four-wave mixing (FWM) in cadmium vapor. The large transition-matrix elements of cadmium, based on state-of-the-art electron-correlation calculations, and the optimized FWM resonance-enhanced scheme with readily accessible incident laser wavelengths, lead to a giant third-order nonlinear susceptibility. Combined with the high coherence of the FWM process, cadmium vapor emerges as a promising nonlinear medium capable of producing a cw VUV laser with over 30-μW power and a narrow linewidth. This approach addresses the lack of an intense and narrow-linewidth laser near the 229Th isomeric transition, allowing for the coherent driving of nuclear Rabi oscillations and advancing the development of the nuclear optical clock.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Viewpoint

A Laser Built for Nuclear Timekeeping

Published 11 February, 2026

Researchers have designed and demonstrated an ultraviolet laser that removes a major bottleneck in the development of a nuclear clock.

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