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Omnidirectional magnetic imaging of magnetic anisotropy and phase transitions

Alexander J. Healey1,*, Kaijian Xing2, Weiyao Zhao3, Islay O. Robertson1, Hark Hoe Tan4, Mehran Kianinia5,6, Igor Aharonovich5,6, Jean-Philippe Tetienne1, Julie Karel3 et al.

David A. Broadway1,†

  • 1Department of Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 2School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 3Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
  • 4ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
  • 5School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
  • 6ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia

  • *Contact author: alexander.healey2@rmit.edu.au
  • †Contact author: david.broadway@rmit.edu.au

Phys. Rev. Applied 26, 014022 – Published 8 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/b1gk-r9ht

Abstract

Micron scale imaging of magnetic fields based on quantum sensors is a significant tool for understanding the evolution of magnetism through phase transitions and as a result of interactions inside of heterostructures. However, most imaging platforms, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) center in diamond, are restricted to applying magnetic fields along the quantization axis of the quantum sensor. This greatly restricts the utility of these systems for exploring materials that emit strong fields or exhibit variable response with respect to the applied field direction. Here we explore an alternative approach using weakly coupled spin pairs in hBN that exhibit a spin-1/2-like behavior and an isotropic response to the magnetic field. We demonstrate that the spin-pair system can operate in the presence of strong fields from a thin film magnet that were incompatible with N-V diamond imaging even with applied fields along the quantization axis. Further, we demonstrate that using this platform allows for imaging with an arbitrary applied magnetic field direction, allowing us to probe the anisotropy and spin-reorientation transition in the ferrimagnet TbMn6Sn6. Finally, we propose an improved geometry for imaging small anisotropy contributions such as crystalline anisotropy. These results demonstrate how this or similar spin-1/2 systems might be used for imaging magnetic materials that are incompatible with other techniques despite the reduction in sensitivity compared with N-V in diamond imaging.

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