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    Measuring reactive-load impedance with transmission-line resonators beyond the perturbative limit

    Xuanjing Chu1,*, Jinho Park2,*, Jesse Balgley2, Sean Clemons3, Ted S. Chung2, Kenji Watanabe4, Takashi Taniguchi4, Leonardo Ranzani5, Martin V. Gustafsson5 et al.

    Kin Chung Fong6,7,8 and James Hone2,†

    • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
    • †Contact author: jh2228@columbia.edu

    Phys. Rev. Applied 25, 044071 – Published 24 April, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/8vyk-j63m

    Abstract

    We develop an analytic framework to extract circuit parameters and loss tangent from superconducting transmission-line resonators terminated by reactive loads, extending analysis beyond the perturbative regime. The formulation yields closed-form relations between resonant frequency, participation ratio, and internal quality factor, removing the need for full-wave simulations. We validate the framework through circuit simulations, finite-element modeling, and experimental measurements of van der Waals parallel-plate capacitors, using it to extract the dielectric constant and loss tangent of hexagonal boron nitride. Statistical analysis across multiple reference resonators, together with multimode self-calibration, demonstrates consistent and reproducible extraction of both capacitance and loss tangent in close agreement with literature values. In addition to parameter extraction, the analytic relations provide practical design guidelines for maximizing the energy-participation ratio in the load and improving the precision of resonator-based material metrology.

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