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Tunable Josephson voltage source for quantum circuits

J.-L. Smirr1, P. Manset1, and Ç.Ö. Girit1,2,*

  • *Contact author: caglar.girit@cnrs.fr
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Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 054003 – Published 3 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3xvr-ryh1

Abstract

Noisy voltage sources can be a limiting factor for both fundamental physics experiments and device applications in quantum information, mesoscopic circuits, magnetometry, and other fields. The best commercial dc voltage sources can be programmed to approximately six digits and have intrinsic noise in the microvolt range. On the other hand, the noise levels in metrological Josephson-junction-based voltage standards is subfemtovolt. Although such voltage standards can be considered “noiseless,” they are generally not designed for continuous tuning of the output voltage nor for supplying current to a load at cryogenic temperatures. We propose a Josephson-effect-based voltage source, as opposed to a voltage standard, operating in the 30−160−μV range, which can supply over 100 nA of current to loads at mK temperatures. We describe the operating principle, the sample design, and the calibration procedure to obtain continuous tunability. We show the current-voltage characteristics of the device, demonstrate how the voltage can be adjusted without dc control connections to room-temperature electronics, and showcase an experiment coupling the source to a mesoscopic load: a small Josephson junction. Finally, we characterize the performance of our source by measuring the voltage noise at the load, 50 pV rms, which is attributed to parasitic resistances in the cabling. This work establishes the use of the Josephson effect for voltage biasing of extremely sensitive quantum devices.

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Phys. Rev. Applied 24, 054003– Published 3 November, 2025
  • Received 30 December 2024
  • Revised 16 July 2025
  • Accepted 15 August 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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