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Electron-to-photon noise transfer in midinfrared semiconductor lasers

Irene La Penna*, Tecla Gabbrielli, Simone Borri, Luigi Consolino, Francesco Cappelli, and Paolo De Natale

Borislav Hinkov

Robert Weih

Naota Akikusa

Lorenzo Mischi and Alessio Montori

  • ppqSense, Viale Ariosto 492B, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy

  • *Contact author: lapenna@lens.unifi.it
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Phys. Rev. Applied 25, 044006 – Published 2 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3t25-1gnk

Abstract

Noise characteristics of state-of-the art light sources are crucial parameters in understanding their limitations regarding quantum applications. This work describes a method to study the electrical noise transfer of current driver sources to the intensity noise of midinfrared emission by commercial quantum and interband cascade lasers (QCLs and ICLs, respectively). A current driver with sub-shot-electrical-noise in a specific frequency range (up to 10 dB below the shot-noise level) was developed for this purpose. This enables testing of the performance of midinfrared lasers when they are driven via such a quiet pump source. By using this current driver, we identify the fundamental noise of a QCL and an ICL, which is the laser intensity noise resulting solely from the internal dynamics of the laser under test. The proposed method allows us to retrieve the noise transfer function from current to light, showing that the main limitations in observing the quantum properties of the emitted photons come from laser excess noise and poor matching between the laser and the detection system in terms of bandwidth and optical power. From the analysis of the measured parameters, we highlight current technological limitations and suggest which key features should be optimized in midinfrared systems for matching the performance required by quantum applications.

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Phys. Rev. Applied 25, 044006– Published 2 April, 2026
  • Received 1 October 2025
  • Revised 19 January 2026
  • Accepted 6 February 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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